Anatomy Quiz Chapter 4

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1. Gland cells produce ________.

Explanation

Gland cells produce secretions. Secretions refer to substances that are produced and released by glands, such as hormones, enzymes, or mucus. These secretions play important roles in various bodily functions, including digestion, reproduction, and maintaining homeostasis.

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About This Quiz
Anatomy Quizzes & Trivia

In the past few weeks we have been able to cover many things about the human body anatomy. Do you believe you understood the last four chapters we... see morecovered? Take up this easy quiz and see if you need extra study hours before you hit chapter 5. All the best! see less

2. Cells that store fat are called

Explanation

Adipocytes are cells that store fat. They are responsible for storing energy in the form of fat and releasing it when needed. These cells play a crucial role in maintaining energy balance and regulating body weight. Other options such as macrocytes, melanocytes, podocytes, and cellulocytes do not specifically store fat and are involved in different functions in the body.

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3. Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to  

Explanation

Chondrocytes are specialized cells found in cartilage, responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix of the tissue. Similarly, osteocytes are specialized cells found in bone, responsible for maintaining the mineralized matrix of the tissue. Therefore, the relationship between chondrocytes and cartilage is analogous to the relationship between osteocytes and bone.

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4. Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is ________ tissue.  

Explanation

Neural tissue is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses. It is found in the nervous system and consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia. Neurons are responsible for transmitting electrical signals, or impulses, throughout the body. They have long, branching extensions called axons that allow for the transmission of these impulses. Neural tissue is crucial for the functioning of the nervous system and allows for the coordination and communication of the body's various systems.

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5. Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories?

Explanation

The correct answer is "OSSEOUS TISSUE". The question asks for the tissue category that is not one of the four main categories. The four main tissue categories are connective tissue, muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial tissue. Osseous tissue refers to bone tissue, which falls under the category of connective tissue. Therefore, osseous tissue is not the correct answer as it is part of one of the four main tissue categories.

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6. The basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following, except   

Explanation

Epithelial cells are classified into different shapes based on their appearance. The basic shapes of epithelial cells include cuboidal, columnar, and squamous. Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped, columnar cells are tall and rectangular, and squamous cells are flat and thin. Oval cells, however, are not considered a basic shape of epithelial cells. Therefore, the correct answer is oval.

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7. Osseous tissue is also called  

Explanation

Osseous tissue is the scientific term for bone tissue. It is the main component of the skeletal system in vertebrates, providing support, protection, and movement. It is a hard and dense tissue that consists of cells called osteocytes embedded in a matrix of calcium phosphate and collagen fibers. Osseous tissue is responsible for the strength and structure of bones in the body.

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8. The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells.

Explanation

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and apocrine secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells. Merocrine secretion involves the release of substances through exocytosis, while apocrine secretion involves the release of substances along with a portion of the cell itself. In the case of lactation, apocrine secretion is responsible for the release of milk components, including lipids and proteins, into the milk ducts. This process requires the mammary gland epithelial cells to shed a portion of their cytoplasm, which contains the milk components, into the ducts.

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9. The watery fluid component of blood is called ________.  

Explanation

Plasma is the correct answer because it refers to the watery fluid component of blood. It is a yellowish solution that contains various substances such as water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products. Plasma plays a crucial role in transporting nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body, maintaining blood pressure, and regulating body temperature.

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10. Characteristics of epithelia include  

Explanation

Epithelia have several characteristics, including avascularity, which means they lack blood vessels. This is important because it allows substances to easily diffuse through the epithelial cells. Epithelia also have the ability to regenerate, meaning they can repair and replace damaged or lost cells. Attachment is another characteristic of epithelia, as they are tightly connected to underlying tissues. Lastly, epithelial cells have polarity, meaning they have distinct apical and basal surfaces. Therefore, all of the above characteristics are true for epithelia.

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11. Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue

Explanation

Muscle tissue is specialized for contraction. It is composed of long, cylindrical cells called muscle fibers that have the ability to contract and generate force. This tissue is responsible for movement in the body, including voluntary movements controlled by the skeletal muscles and involuntary movements controlled by smooth and cardiac muscles. Muscle tissue is highly vascularized and contains proteins called actin and myosin which interact to produce the contraction.

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12. THE TISSUE THAT ALWAYS HAS A TOP AND A BOTTOM IS

Explanation

Epithelial tissue is the correct answer because it is a type of tissue that always has a top and a bottom. Epithelial tissue is found throughout the body and covers the surfaces of organs, lines body cavities, and forms glands. It is composed of tightly packed cells that are arranged in layers, providing protection and acting as a barrier against pathogens and harmful substances. The top layer of epithelial tissue, known as the apical surface, is exposed to the external environment or internal body cavities, while the bottom layer, called the basal surface, is attached to the underlying connective tissue.

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13. The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as ________.  

Explanation

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as the matrix. The matrix provides structural support and serves as a medium for exchange of nutrients and waste products. It is composed of various types of fibers, such as collagen and elastin, embedded in a gel-like substance called ground substance. The matrix is essential for maintaining the integrity and function of connective tissues throughout the body.

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14. The three kinds of formed elements in blood are ________, ________, and ________.

Explanation

The correct answer is "red, white, and platelets." This answer accurately identifies the three types of formed elements in blood. Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells, or leukocytes, play a crucial role in the immune system and help fight off infections. Platelets, or thrombocytes, are involved in blood clotting and help prevent excessive bleeding.

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15. The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle

Explanation

Smooth muscle is the correct answer because it is the only type of muscle tissue that does not have striations. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of organs and blood vessels, and its contraction is involuntary. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle, smooth muscle cells are not multinucleated.

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16. Connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by  

Explanation

Fibroblasts are responsible for producing connective tissue fibers. These cells are found in connective tissues throughout the body and play a crucial role in maintaining the structural integrity of tissues. They secrete proteins such as collagen and elastin, which form the fibers that provide strength and flexibility to the connective tissue. Mast cells, macrophages, melanocytes, and adipocytes have different functions and are not directly involved in the production of connective tissue fibers.

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17. Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form ________ that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.  

Explanation

Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form body membranes that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body. Body membranes are thin layers of tissue that line various body cavities and surfaces, such as the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. They provide a barrier against pathogens and help regulate the exchange of substances between different body compartments. Examples of body membranes include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and synovial membranes.

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18. ________ function to propagate electrical signals from one place to another.

Explanation

Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit electrical signals, known as nerve impulses, from one place to another. These impulses allow for communication between different parts of the body, including the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Neurons have a unique structure that enables them to receive, process, and transmit these signals, making them the correct answer for this question.

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19. Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are  

Explanation

Endocrine glands are responsible for secreting hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. These hormones are then transported through the bloodstream to target cells and organs, where they regulate various physiological processes. Unlike exocrine glands, which secrete their products through ducts, endocrine glands release hormones directly into the bloodstream without the need for ducts. Therefore, endocrine glands are the correct answer in this case.

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20. ________ secretions are released by the gland cells into the interstitial space

Explanation

Endocrine secretions are released by the gland cells into the interstitial space. The endocrine system is responsible for producing and releasing hormones directly into the bloodstream. These hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target cells or organs to regulate various bodily functions. Unlike exocrine glands, which release their secretions through ducts, endocrine glands release their secretions directly into the interstitial space, from where they can be absorbed into the bloodstream. This allows the hormones to reach their target cells and exert their effects throughout the body.

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21. The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the ________.

Explanation

The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called the lamina propria. This layer is found beneath the epithelial layer of the mucous membrane and is responsible for providing support and nourishment to the overlying epithelium. It contains various types of cells, such as fibroblasts and immune cells, as well as blood vessels and nerves. The lamina propria plays a crucial role in the function and protection of mucous membranes throughout the body.

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22. EPITHELIUM IS CONNECTED TO UNDERLYING CONNECTIVE TISSUE BY

Explanation

Epithelium is connected to the underlying connective tissue by the basal lamina. The basal lamina is a thin layer of extracellular matrix that separates the epithelium from the connective tissue. It provides structural support to the epithelium and helps in anchoring the epithelial cells to the underlying tissue. It also acts as a selective barrier, regulating the movement of molecules between the epithelium and the connective tissue. The basal lamina is composed of various proteins, including laminin, collagen, and proteoglycans, which contribute to its structural and functional properties.

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23. The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is  

Explanation

Dense connective tissue is primarily composed of collagen fibers. Collagen is a strong and flexible protein that provides structural support and strength to tissues. It helps in maintaining the shape and integrity of the tissue, making it the dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue. Elastin, connectin, actin, and myosin are not the dominant fiber types in this type of tissue.

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24. Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are  

Explanation

Macrophages are cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue. They are part of the immune system and play a crucial role in clearing out pathogens and cellular waste. Melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin, mast cells are involved in allergic reactions, adipocytes store fat, and fibroblasts produce connective tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is macrophages.

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25. Identify the three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body.

Explanation

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are interstitial fluid, plasma, and lymph. Interstitial fluid is the fluid that surrounds and bathes the cells in the tissues. Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste products. Lymph is a clear fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system and plays a role in immune function. These three subdivisions of extracellular fluid are essential for maintaining proper hydration and facilitating various physiological processes in the body.

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26. The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.  

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage is the most common type of cartilage found in the body. It is characterized by its glassy appearance and smooth surface. Hyaline cartilage provides support and flexibility to various structures such as the nose, trachea, and the ends of long bones. It is also found in the joints, providing cushioning and reducing friction between bones. Elastic cartilage is found in structures that require more flexibility, such as the ear. Ligamentous, osseous, and fibrous are not types of cartilage, but rather refer to other tissues in the body.

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27. Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of  

Explanation

Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are unique features of cardiac muscle tissue. Intercalated discs are specialized junctions that connect cardiac muscle cells, allowing for coordinated contraction of the heart. Pacemaker cells, also known as sinoatrial (SA) node cells, generate electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. These characteristics are not present in skeletal muscle tissue or smooth muscle tissue, making cardiac muscle tissue the correct answer.

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28. ________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one bone to another.  

Explanation

Tendons attach skeletal muscles to bones, while ligaments connect one bone to another.

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29. Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen

Explanation

Fibroblasts are connective tissue cells that are responsible for producing collagen. Collagen is the main structural protein in connective tissues and provides strength and support to various parts of the body. Fibroblasts play a crucial role in wound healing and tissue repair by synthesizing and secreting collagen fibers. Adipocytes are fat cells, mast cells are involved in allergic responses, lymphocytes are immune cells, and macrophages are phagocytic cells involved in immune response. Therefore, fibroblasts are the correct answer as they specifically produce collagen.

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30. The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are  

Explanation

The correct answer is collagen, reticular, and elastic. These three types of protein fibers are found in connective tissue. Collagen fibers provide strength and support, reticular fibers form a network to support cells and organs, and elastic fibers allow tissues to stretch and recoil.

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31. )


The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called ________.  

Explanation

The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called endothelium. Endothelium is a type of tissue that lines the interior surface of blood vessels and the heart, forming a smooth layer that allows for the smooth flow of blood. It is composed of a single layer of cells that are specialized for various functions such as regulating blood flow, preventing clotting, and controlling the exchange of substances between the blood and surrounding tissues.

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32. You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the  

Explanation

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a type of tissue that appears to be layered but is actually a single layer of cells. It is characterized by the presence of cilia on the surface of the cells. This type of epithelium is found in the trachea, where it helps to trap and remove foreign particles from the respiratory system. It is not found in the other listed options, such as the surface of the skin, secretory portions of the pancreas, urinary bladder, or stomach.

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33. Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably 

Explanation

Epithelium is the correct answer because it is a tissue that lines the surfaces of organs and forms a protective barrier. It is composed of multiple layers of cells and does not contain blood vessels. The fact that one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ also supports the idea that it is epithelium, as this tissue often lines body cavities.

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34. Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to the  

Explanation

Mesothelium is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the body cavities, such as the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. Endothelium, on the other hand, is a type of epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels and the heart. Therefore, the correct answer is "heart and blood vessels" because endothelium is specifically related to these structures.

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35. The heart and blood vessels are lined by  

Explanation

The heart and blood vessels are lined by simple squamous epithelium because this type of epithelium is thin and allows for rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients across its surface. It also provides a smooth lining that reduces friction as blood flows through the vessels. Simple squamous epithelium is found in areas where filtration or exchange of substances occurs, making it well-suited for the function of the heart and blood vessels.

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36. FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT

Explanation

Epithelial cells primarily function in absorption, providing physical protection, producing specialized secretions, and controlling permeability. However, supporting muscle cells is not a function of epithelia. Epithelial tissues are mainly responsible for lining and covering surfaces, forming barriers, and regulating the exchange of substances. Supporting muscle cells is typically carried out by connective tissues, such as tendons or ligaments, which provide structural support and attachment for muscles.

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37. EPITHELIAL CELLS EXHIBIT MODIFICATIONS THAT ADAPT THEM FOR

Explanation

Epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for secretion. This is because epithelial cells are responsible for producing and releasing various substances, such as hormones, enzymes, and mucus. These cells have specialized structures, such as goblet cells and exocrine glands, that enable them to secrete these substances. These modifications allow epithelial cells to perform their function of secreting substances that are essential for various physiological processes in the body.

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38. The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as

Explanation

The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified as simple squamous because this type of epithelium is composed of a single layer of flat cells. This arrangement allows for efficient diffusion of gases and nutrients across the thin epithelial barrier. The cells are tightly packed together, providing a smooth surface and reducing friction. This type of epithelium is found in areas where filtration and exchange of substances are important, such as the lining of blood vessels and the alveoli of the lungs.

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39. The three types of connective tissue include  

Explanation

The correct answer is "connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues." This answer is correct because it lists the three types of connective tissues. Glandular, exocrine, and endocrine are not types of connective tissues, but rather types of glands. Epithelial, muscle, and neural are also not types of connective tissues, but rather types of other tissues in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is the one that accurately lists the three types of connective tissues.

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40. The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the  

Explanation

The correct answer is peritoneum. The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. It covers the organs within the abdomen and helps to protect and support them. The pericardium is the serous membrane that surrounds the heart, the perichondrium is the connective tissue membrane that covers cartilage, the periosteum is the connective tissue membrane that covers bone, and the pleura is the serous membrane that lines the lungs and thoracic cavity.

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41. The pancreas produces ________ secretions

Explanation

The pancreas is a dual-function gland that produces both exocrine and endocrine secretions. Exocrine secretions are released into ducts and include digestive enzymes that aid in the digestion of food in the small intestine. Endocrine secretions are released directly into the bloodstream and include hormones such as insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct answer is "exocrine and endocrine" secretions.

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42. ________ support, protect, and nourish nerve cells

Explanation

Neuroglia is a type of cell in the nervous system that provides support, protection, and nourishment to nerve cells. It is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the nervous system and creating a suitable environment for nerve cell function. Neuroglia cells also play a role in repairing damaged nerve tissue and regulating the chemical balance within the nervous system.

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43. Simple cuboidal epithelium is found  

Explanation

Simple cuboidal epithelium is a type of tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells. It is specialized for secretion and absorption, and is found in areas where these functions are important. The kidney tubules are responsible for the reabsorption of water, ions, and other molecules from the filtrate, as well as the secretion of waste products. Therefore, it makes sense that simple cuboidal epithelium would be found in the kidney tubules, as it allows for efficient absorption and secretion processes.

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44. Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________ glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ________ or onto surfaces.  

Explanation

Endocrine glands empty their products into interstitial fluid and are referred to as ductless glands, while exocrine gland secretions empty into ducts or onto surfaces.

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45. The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

Explanation

The correct answer is mesothelium. Mesothelium is the epithelium that lines the body cavities. It is a simple squamous epithelium that provides a protective barrier and helps to reduce friction between organs and body cavities. Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that stores fat, but it does not line body cavities. Connective tissue is a broad category that includes various types of tissue, but it is not specific to lining body cavities.

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46. The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of  

Explanation

Serous membranes are responsible for reducing friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity. These membranes produce a watery fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the organs to move smoothly against each other. The serous membranes line the walls of body cavities and cover the organs within them, such as the pleura in the thoracic cavity and the peritoneum in the abdominal cavity. This lubrication provided by serous membranes helps to prevent damage and allows for efficient movement and functioning of the organs.

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47. Which type of connective tissue  is found between the ribs and the sternum, or supporting the trachea?  

Explanation

Hyaline cartilage is the correct answer because it is the type of connective tissue that is found between the ribs and the sternum, as well as supporting the trachea. Hyaline cartilage is a smooth and flexible type of cartilage that provides support and reduces friction between bones. It is commonly found in areas where flexibility and support are needed, such as in the ribcage and trachea.

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48. Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. The cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. The tissue is most likely ________ tissue.  

Explanation

The given description of the tissue sample suggests that it is composed of cells that are united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. These characteristics are typical of epithelial tissue, which forms the lining of body surfaces, cavities, and organs. Epithelial tissue also has one free surface and lacks blood vessels. Therefore, the tissue in question is most likely epithelial tissue.

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49. DEAD SKIN CELLS ARE SHED IN THE SHEETS BECAUSE THEY ARE HELD TOGETHER BY SPOTS, SUCH STRONG INTERCELLUAR CONNECTIONS ARE CALLED

Explanation

Desmosomes are strong intercellular connections that hold cells together tightly. They are responsible for the adhesion of cells in tissues that experience mechanical stress, such as the skin. Dead skin cells are shed in the sheets because the desmosomes that hold them together break down, allowing the cells to be sloughed off.

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50. Simple columnar epithelia are found  

Explanation

Simple columnar epithelia are found lining the stomach because these cells are tall and closely packed together, forming a single layer that lines the stomach. This type of epithelium provides protection and secretion in the stomach, allowing for the absorption of nutrients and the secretion of digestive enzymes and mucus. The other options mentioned, such as lining the ducts that drain sweat glands, lining kidney tubules, lining the urinary bladder, and being at the surface of the skin, are not characteristic of simple columnar epithelia.

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51. White fat is found in ________, while brown fat is found in ________.  

Explanation

White fat is found in adults, while brown fat is found in infants. This is because brown fat is primarily responsible for generating heat to keep infants warm, as they have a higher surface area to volume ratio and are more susceptible to heat loss. In contrast, adults have a lower amount of brown fat and a higher amount of white fat, which is used for energy storage and insulation.

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52. Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or heart failure is known as ________.

Explanation

Peritontis is the correct answer because it refers to the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, which can occur due to liver or kidney disease, malnutrition, or heart failure. Heart attack, inflammation, fluid build up, and tontitis are not specific terms for this condition.

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53. Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are  


Explanation

Dense irregular connective tissues provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions. Unlike tendons and ligaments, which provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses in specific directions, dense irregular connective tissues are able to withstand stresses from multiple directions. Areolar tissue and reticular tissues do not provide as much strength and support as dense irregular connective tissues.

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54. Germinative cells 

Explanation

Germinative cells are a type of stem cells found in epithelial tissue. These cells have the ability to divide continually, which means they can undergo cell division to produce new epithelial cells. This process is important for the growth and regeneration of epithelial tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is that germinative cells divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

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55. Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of tissue?  

Explanation

Damage to a joint cartilage affects supporting connective tissue. Joint cartilage is a type of connective tissue that provides support and cushioning to the joints. It helps to absorb shock and allows for smooth movement of the joints. When the joint cartilage is damaged, it affects the integrity and function of the supporting connective tissue, leading to pain, inflammation, and reduced joint mobility.

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56. Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing are known as  

Explanation

Neuroepithelia are specialized epithelial tissues that are responsible for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight, equilibrium, and hearing. These tissues contain specialized sensory cells that transmit signals to the nervous system, allowing us to perceive these sensations. The term "neuro" refers to the involvement of the nervous system in these sensory functions, and "epithelia" refers to the tissue type. Therefore, neuroepithelia is the correct answer to the question.

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57. What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood

Explanation

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, make up almost half the volume of blood. These cells are responsible for carrying oxygen to different parts of the body and removing carbon dioxide. They are small, flexible, and have a biconcave shape, which allows them to squeeze through narrow blood vessels. Erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, allowing them to carry more oxygen. Their high concentration in the blood gives it its characteristic red color.

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58. The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes   

Explanation

The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes exfoliative cytology. This is because the test involves collecting cells from the cervix and examining them under a microscope to detect any abnormal changes that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions. Exfoliative cytology specifically refers to the process of collecting and analyzing cells that naturally shed or exfoliate from the body's surfaces, such as the cervix. This technique allows for early detection and intervention, helping to prevent the development and progression of cervical cancer.

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59. Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins against disease. These cells are termed ________, while these proteins are called ________.

Explanation

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that can differentiate into specialized cells called plasmocytes. Plasmocytes are responsible for secreting defense proteins known as antibodies. Therefore, the correct answer is plasmocytes for the first blank and antibodies for the second blank.

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60. Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as ________.  

Explanation

Secretions through a duct might provide enzymes, which are substances that help in chemical reactions within the body. On the other hand, ductless secretions act as hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions.

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61. Unlike cartilage, bone  

Explanation

Bone is highly vascular because it contains a network of blood vessels. These blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the bone cells, allowing them to function properly. The high vascularity of bone also allows for efficient removal of waste products and facilitates the healing process in case of injury or fracture.

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62. The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic purposes, is termed  

Explanation

Exfoliative cytology is the study of cells that are shed from epithelial surfaces. This study is often done for diagnostic purposes, such as detecting cancer or other abnormalities. It involves collecting cells from the surface of the body, such as the skin or mucous membranes, and examining them under a microscope. This technique is commonly used in the field of pathology to aid in the diagnosis of various diseases.

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63. Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false

Explanation

Simple epithelia do not cover surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress. Simple epithelia are single layers of cells that line internal compartments and passageways, and they are avascular. They are characteristic of regions where secretion or absorption occurs and afford little mechanical protection. However, surfaces subjected to mechanical or chemical stress are typically covered by stratified epithelia, which consist of multiple layers of cells.

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64. The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of ________ tissue.  

Explanation

The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of reticular connective tissue. Reticular connective tissue is a type of specialized connective tissue that provides structural support to these organs. It is composed of reticular fibers and reticular cells, which form a mesh-like network. This network helps to support and anchor the cells and structures within these organs, allowing them to function properly.

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65. Which of these refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon

Explanation

Deep fascia refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle and blends with the tendon. It provides support and protection to the muscle, helping to maintain its shape and structure. The deep fascia also helps to transmit forces generated by the muscle to the surrounding tissues and bones, allowing for efficient movement and function.

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66. Two classes of macrophages include  

Explanation

Fixed macrophages and free macrophages are two classes of macrophages. Fixed macrophages are stationary cells found in specific tissues, such as the liver, spleen, and lungs. They are responsible for phagocytosis and immune responses in these tissues. Free macrophages, on the other hand, are mobile cells that can migrate to different tissues and organs. They are involved in immune surveillance and defense against pathogens. Therefore, fixed macrophages and free macrophages are two distinct classes of macrophages based on their location and mobility.

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67. ________ is the fluid component of connective tissue.  

Explanation

Ground substance is the fluid component of connective tissue. It is a gel-like substance that fills the space between cells and fibers in connective tissue. It provides support and nourishment to cells, as well as facilitating the movement of nutrients and waste products. Ground substance is composed of water, proteins, polysaccharides, and other molecules that contribute to the overall structure and function of connective tissue.

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68. Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is termed ________.

Explanation

When interstitial fluid enters a lymphatic vessel, it is called lymph. Lymph is a clear fluid that contains white blood cells, proteins, and waste products. It is formed from the excess fluid and waste that is filtered out of the blood capillaries and enters the interstitial spaces. The lymphatic vessels then collect this fluid and transport it back to the bloodstream, helping to maintain fluid balance in the body and removing waste and toxins.

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69. All of the following are true of neurons, except that   

Explanation

Neurons are not a form of connective tissue; they are specialized cells that make up the nervous system. Neurons have a soma (cell body) and axon, and they conduct nerve impulses. They are separated from each other by synapses, which are the junctions where signals are transmitted between neurons. While most cells in the body have the ability to divide, mature neurons typically lose this ability.

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70. Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?  

Explanation

Apocrine secretion is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product. This means that when the cell releases its secretory product, a portion of the cytoplasm is also lost. This is different from other types of secretion, such as merocrine, where the secretory product is released without any loss of cytoplasm. Therefore, apocrine is the correct answer to the question.

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71. Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body

Explanation

Mucous membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body. These membranes are found in areas such as the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. They secrete mucus, which helps to protect and lubricate the surfaces of these cavities. Serous membranes line the internal cavities of the body, such as the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Cutaneous membranes refer to the skin, which is the outermost layer of the body. Synovial membranes line the joints and produce synovial fluid. Pleural membranes specifically line the pleural cavity, which surrounds the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is mucous.

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72. Adhesions of abdominopelvic organs occur when  

Explanation

Adhesions of abdominopelvic organs occur when serous membranes are damaged. Serous membranes line the abdominal and pelvic cavities and cover the organs within them. When these membranes are damaged, such as through inflammation or injury, they can stick together and form adhesions. This can lead to organs becoming stuck to each other or to the abdominal wall, causing pain, discomfort, and potentially affecting organ function.

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73. Name two cell types that contain histamine and heparin

Explanation

Mast cells and basophils are two cell types that contain histamine and heparin. Histamine is a chemical compound that plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation, while heparin is an anticoagulant that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are found in connective tissues and are involved in immune responses, particularly allergic reactions. Basophils are a type of white blood cell that also plays a role in allergic reactions and inflammation. Both mast cells and basophils release histamine and heparin as part of their immune response.

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74. Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion

Explanation

Watery perspiration is an example of merocrine secretion because merocrine glands release their secretions through exocytosis, which means the secretory cells remain intact and only the secretory product is released. In the case of watery perspiration, the sweat glands release a watery fluid through the sweat ducts onto the surface of the skin. This process does not involve the loss or destruction of the secretory cells, which is characteristic of merocrine secretion.

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75. Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous  

Explanation

Cartilage is a type of connective tissue that is found in various parts of the body, such as the nose, ears, and joints. It is separated from the surrounding tissues by a fibrous covering called the perichondrium. The perichondrium provides support and protection to the cartilage, as well as a source of nutrients. It also contains cells that can differentiate into cartilage cells, aiding in the growth and repair of the tissue. The other options, such as lacunae, periosteum, matrix, and canaliculi, are not involved in the separation of cartilage from surrounding tissues.

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76. EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT ARE ADAPTED FOR ABSORPTION OR SECREATION USUALLY HAVE ....... AT THEIR FREE SURFACE

Explanation

Epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have secretion at their free surface. This is because these cells are specialized for transporting substances across their membranes. They have specific structures, such as secretory granules or microvilli, that aid in the secretion or absorption of molecules. These cells are commonly found in glands or organs involved in secretion or absorption, such as the digestive tract or sweat glands.

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77. Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective tissue repair are  

Explanation

Mesenchymal stem cells are a type of adult stem cell that can differentiate into various cell types, including fibroblasts. When there is tissue injury, mesenchymal stem cells can divide and differentiate into fibroblasts, which are responsible for producing connective tissue and aiding in the repair process. Lymphocytes, mast cells, and plasmocytes are not directly involved in connective tissue repair.

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78. Unicellular exocrine glands secrete  

Explanation

Unicellular exocrine glands secrete mucus. Mucus is a slimy substance that is produced by the mucous membranes in the body. It serves as a protective barrier and lubricant for various organs and tissues, such as the respiratory tract and digestive system. It helps to trap and remove foreign particles, bacteria, and viruses, preventing them from entering the body. Mucus also plays a role in maintaining the moisture and pH balance of certain body parts.

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79. Antibodies are produced by  

Explanation

Plasmocytes are responsible for producing antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances called antigens. Plasmocytes, also known as plasma cells, are a type of white blood cell that specialize in producing and secreting antibodies. They are derived from B cells, which are a type of lymphocyte. When B cells encounter an antigen, they differentiate into plasmocytes and begin producing large amounts of antibodies specific to that antigen. These antibodies then circulate in the bloodstream, helping to neutralize or eliminate the antigen.

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80. Two types of microphages include  

Explanation

Fixed macrophages are stationary cells found in specific tissues, such as the liver or lungs, where they engulf and digest pathogens. Free macrophages, on the other hand, are mobile cells that can move throughout the body to engulf and digest pathogens. Mast cells and basophils are both involved in allergic reactions and release histamine. Microphages and adipocytes are not types of immune cells. Mesenchymal cells are multipotent cells that can differentiate into various cell types, and melanocytes are responsible for producing melanin. Neutrophils and eosinophils are both types of white blood cells involved in the immune response against pathogens.

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81. Which of the following terms refers to a reversible change in the normal shape, size, and organization of tissue cells

Explanation

Dysplasia refers to a reversible change in the normal shape, size, and organization of tissue cells. This term is used to describe abnormal growth or development of cells, which can potentially progress to cancer if left untreated. Inflammation refers to the body's response to injury or infection, metastasis refers to the spread of cancer cells to other parts of the body, anaplasia refers to the loss of normal cell differentiation, and metaplasia refers to the transformation of one type of tissue into another type.

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82. Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks the growth of blood vessels.

Explanation

Chondrocytes are cells found in cartilage tissue. They are responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix of cartilage. In this context, chondrocytes produce an antiangiogenesis factor, which is a chemical that inhibits the growth of blood vessels. This is important because excessive blood vessel growth can lead to various diseases and conditions, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, chondrocytes play a crucial role in regulating blood vessel growth through the production of antiangiogenesis factors.

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83. Satellite cells are found in association with  

Explanation

Satellite cells are a type of stem cell that are found in association with skeletal muscle. They play a crucial role in muscle regeneration and repair. When muscle tissue is damaged or injured, satellite cells become activated and differentiate into new muscle cells to replace the damaged ones. This process helps to maintain and repair skeletal muscle tissue. Satellite cells are not found in association with involuntary muscle, smooth muscle, or cardiac muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is skeletal muscle.

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84. Cells that are specialized for secretion  

Explanation

Cells that are specialized for secretion exhibit polarity. This means that these cells have distinct regions or surfaces with different functions. One region, known as the apical surface, is responsible for secretion and is often covered in microvilli or cilia. The opposite region, known as the basolateral surface, is involved in interactions with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix. This polarity allows for efficient secretion and regulation of substances. The other options, such as having a flat free surface or being squamous, are not necessarily characteristics of cells specialized for secretion. Additionally, cells specialized for secretion can be found in various organs and systems, not just the digestive system.

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85. A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single unbranched duct would be called  

Explanation

A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single unbranched duct is called a simple acinar gland. In this type of gland, the cells form a single, unbranched pocket or sac-like structure (acinus) with a single duct. The gland does not have any branching ducts or complex structures.

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86. Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or ________.

Explanation

Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or leukocytes. Ascites, on the other hand, refers to the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity and is not related to defense cells in the blood. Therefore, the correct answer is leukocytes.

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Gland cells produce ________.
Cells that store fat are called
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to  
Tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses...
Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue...
The basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following,...
Osseous tissue is also called  
The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine...
The watery fluid component of blood is called ________.  
Characteristics of epithelia include  
Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue
THE TISSUE THAT ALWAYS HAS A TOP AND A BOTTOM IS
The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting...
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are ________, ________,...
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle
Connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by  
Epithelia and connective tissues combine to form ________ that cover...
________ function to propagate electrical signals from one place to...
Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid...
________ secretions are released by the gland cells into the...
The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called...
EPITHELIUM IS CONNECTED TO UNDERLYING CONNECTIVE TISSUE BY
The dominant fiber type in dense connective tissue is  
Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective...
Identify the three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in...
The most common type of cartilage is ________ cartilage.  
Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic...
________ attach skeletal muscles to bones, and ________ connect one...
Which of the following connective tissue cells produces collagen
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are  
) The lining of the heart and blood vessels is called...
You would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining...
Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of...
Mesothelium is to the body cavities as endothelium is to...
The heart and blood vessels are lined by  
FUNCTIONS OF EPITHELIA INCLUDE ALL OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT
EPITHELIAL CELLS EXHIBIT MODIFICATIONS THAT ADAPT THEM FOR
The epithelia that line body cavities and blood vessels are classified...
The three types of connective tissue include  
The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity is the  
The pancreas produces ________ secretions
________ support, protect, and nourish nerve cells
Simple cuboidal epithelium is found  
Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred...
The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces...
Which type of connective tissue  is found between the ribs and...
Examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by...
DEAD SKIN CELLS ARE SHED IN THE SHEETS BECAUSE THEY ARE HELD TOGETHER...
Simple columnar epithelia are found  
White fat is found in ________, while brown fat is found in...
Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity as a result of liver or...
Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to...
Germinative cells 
Damage to a joint cartilage is affecting which type of...
Epithelia specialized for providing sensations of smell, taste, sight,...
What type of cell makes up almost half the volume of blood
The Pap test for cervical cancer utilizes   
Lymphocytes can develop into cells that secrete defense proteins...
Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless...
Unlike cartilage, bone  
The study of cells shed from epithelial surfaces, often for diagnostic...
Which of the following statements about simple epithelia is false
The framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph...
Which of these refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a...
Two classes of macrophages include  
________ is the fluid component of connective tissue.  
Interstitial fluid that enters a lymphatic vessel is termed ________.
All of the following are true of neurons, except...
Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm...
Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with...
Adhesions of abdominopelvic organs occur when  
Name two cell types that contain histamine and heparin
Watery perspiration is an example of a(n) ________ secretion
Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a...
EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT ARE ADAPTED FOR ABSORPTION OR SECREATION USUALLY...
Cells that respond to injury by dividing to assist in connective...
Unicellular exocrine glands secrete  
Antibodies are produced by  
Two types of microphages include  
Which of the following terms refers to a reversible change in the...
Antiangiogenesis factor is a chemical produced by ________ that blocks...
Satellite cells are found in association with  
Cells that are specialized for secretion  
A gland formed by cells arranged in a blind pocket with a single...
Defense cells in blood are called white blood cells or ________.
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