Anatomy & Physiology Review 1: Medical Terminology & Macromolecules

Explanation
The prefix "centi-" means "hundred" in the metric system. It is used to indicate a factor of one hundredth. Therefore, "hundred" and "hundredth" are the correct answers as they both relate to the concept of one hundred.

Explanation
The prefix "contra-" means "against" or "opposite." It is used to indicate opposition or contrast. In this context, "against" and "opposite" are both valid interpretations of the prefix "contra-." They convey the idea of being in opposition to something or being on the other side of a spectrum.

Explanation
The term "-cyte" is a suffix commonly used in biology to denote a cell or a type of cell. For example, "leukocyte" refers to a white blood cell, "erythrocyte" refers to a red blood cell, and "osteocyte" refers to a bone cell. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "cell" because "-cyte" is a suffix that signifies a cell.

Explanation
The prefix "hypo-" means below or deficient. In this case, it is combined with the word "deficient" which means lacking or not having enough of something. Therefore, the correct answer is "deficient, below" as it accurately reflects the meaning of the prefix and the word it is combined with.

Explanation
The prefix "retro-" means "behind" or "backward." It is used to indicate a movement or position that is going back or returning to a previous state or time. Therefore, the correct answer is "behind" and "backward."

Explanation
The prefix "pan-" means "all" or "every." It is derived from the Greek word "pan," which has the same meaning. This prefix is commonly used in English to indicate something that includes or involves all members or parts of a group. For example, "panorama" refers to a view of a wide area, "pantheon" refers to a temple dedicated to all the gods, and "pandemic" refers to a disease that affects all people in a region or the world. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "all."

Explanation
The word "sub-" is a prefix that means "below" or "under." It is commonly used to indicate a position or location that is beneath or lower than something else. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "below" or "under," as these words accurately represent the meaning of the prefix "sub-."

Explanation
The correct answer is a combination of the words "change," "after," and "beyond." These words are all related to the prefix "meta-," which means "beyond" or "transcending." "Change" implies a transformation or alteration, "after" suggests a subsequent point in time, and "beyond" indicates going further or surpassing limits. Together, these words convey the idea of going beyond a mere change and reaching a higher or more advanced state.

Explanation
The prefix "neo-" means "new." In this case, the prefix is used to indicate something that is new or recent. This is a common prefix used in words like "neonatal" (relating to newborn babies) and "neoclassical" (relating to a new interpretation of classical art or music). Therefore, the correct answer is "new."

Explanation
The term "gastr/o" is a combining form that refers to the stomach. It is commonly used in medical terminology to describe conditions or procedures related to the stomach. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "stomach," as it accurately represents the meaning of "gastr/o."

Explanation
The term "leuk/o" is a combining form that is derived from the Greek word "leukos," which means "white." This combining form is commonly used in medical terminology to describe conditions or substances that are related to the color white. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "white."

Explanation
The term "megaly" refers to the condition of enlargement, while "enlarged" and "enlargement" both describe the state of being enlarged. Therefore, the correct answer is "enlarged" and "enlargement" as they are synonymous with "megaly."

Explanation
The term "hepat/o" refers to the liver. It is a combining form used in medical terminology to indicate a relationship or association with the liver. Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "liver."

Explanation
The term "-algia" is a suffix that is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate pain. It is derived from the Greek word "algos," which means pain. Therefore, when "-algia" is added to the end of a word, it signifies that the person or object is experiencing pain. For example, "neuralgia" refers to pain along the course of a nerve, and "arthralgia" refers to pain in a joint. Thus, "pain" is the correct answer as it accurately represents the meaning of the term "-algia."

Explanation
Polyarthritis is the proper term for inflammation of many joints. "Poly-" means many, and "arthritis" refers to inflammation of the joints. Therefore, polyarthritis accurately describes the condition of inflammation occurring in multiple joints simultaneously.

Explanation
Hemigastroplasty refers to the surgical repair of half of the stomach. It is a procedure where only a portion of the stomach is treated or reconstructed, rather than the entire organ. This term is derived from "hemi," which means half, and "gastroplasty," which refers to the surgical repair of the stomach. Therefore, hemigastroplasty is the appropriate term for the repair of half of the stomach.

Explanation
The proper term for "skinlike; resembling skin" is dermic or dermatic. Both words are adjectives that describe something that resembles or is related to the skin.

Explanation
The given text "brady" is followed by a hyphen and the word "slow". This suggests that "brady" is being described as "slow".

Explanation
The prefix "ab-" in this context means "away from." It indicates a movement or direction away from a certain point or location.

Explanation
The word "infra-" is a prefix that means "below" or "under." It is commonly used in words like "infrastructure" or "infrared." Similarly, the word "inferior" means lower in rank, quality, or importance. Both "below" and "inferior" convey the idea of something being lower or beneath something else. Therefore, the answer "below, inferior" accurately describes the meaning of the prefix "infra-" in relation to the word "inferior."

Explanation
The prefix "intra-" means "within." It is used to indicate something that occurs or exists within a particular group, system, or area. For example, "intramural" refers to activities that take place within a school or institution, and "intrapersonal" refers to processes or experiences that occur within an individual's mind or self.

Explanation
The prefix "inter-" means "between" or "among." It is used to indicate the relationship of being in the middle or connecting multiple things. Therefore, both "between" and "among" are correct answers as they convey the same meaning. "Between" is used when referring to two separate entities, while "among" is used when referring to more than two entities.

Explanation
The prefix "supra-" means "above" or "on top of". This means that something is positioned higher or superior to something else. Therefore, the correct answer is "above, on top of".

Explanation
The correct answer is near, beside. These two words are synonyms and both indicate proximity or closeness to something or someone. They can be used interchangeably to describe the location of an object or person in relation to another object or person.

Explanation
The proper term for a fast heart rate is tachycardia. Tachycardia is a condition characterized by a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. It can be caused by various factors such as stress, anxiety, certain medications, or underlying medical conditions. When the heart beats too fast, it may not be able to effectively pump blood, leading to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and dizziness. Treatment for tachycardia depends on the underlying cause and may include medication, lifestyle changes, or medical procedures.

Explanation
Bradycardia is the proper medical term for a slow heart rate. This condition occurs when the heart beats at a rate lower than the normal range, which is typically around 60-100 beats per minute. Bradycardia can be caused by various factors such as certain medications, heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, or an underlying medical condition. Symptoms of bradycardia may include fatigue, dizziness, fainting, and shortness of breath. Treatment options for bradycardia depend on the underlying cause and severity of the condition, and may include lifestyle changes, medication, or in some cases, a pacemaker.

Explanation
The outer layer of the skin is known as the ectoderm. The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers that form during embryonic development. It gives rise to various structures such as the skin, hair, nails, and the nervous system. The ectoderm is responsible for protecting the body from external factors and plays a crucial role in sensory perception.

Explanation
The proper term for "above the stomach" is the "epigastric region." This region is located above the stomach and below the ribs, in the upper middle part of the abdomen. It is an anatomical area that contains various organs and structures, such as the liver, gallbladder, and part of the stomach.

Explanation
The correct answer is "amino acid" or "amino acids" because proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, and they are linked together by peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Each amino acid has a unique side chain, or R-group, which determines its specific properties and function within a protein. Therefore, amino acids are the monomers of proteins.

Explanation
Carbohydrate is the proper term for a polymer made of simple sugars. Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They serve as a major source of energy for living organisms and play essential roles in various biological processes. Simple sugars, also known as monosaccharides, are the building blocks of carbohydrates. When monosaccharides join together through chemical bonds, they form complex carbohydrates such as starch, cellulose, and glycogen. Therefore, carbohydrate is the correct answer for the given description.

Explanation
Fatty acid chains that contain double bonds are referred to as unsaturated. This is because the presence of double bonds in the carbon chain causes the fatty acid to have fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to it. This results in the formation of kinks or bends in the chain, preventing the molecules from packing tightly together. The unsaturated nature of these fatty acid chains gives them a lower melting point and makes them liquid at room temperature.

Explanation
RNA, also known as ribonucleic acid, is a molecule that transmits genetic information. It plays a crucial role in protein synthesis by carrying the instructions from DNA to the ribosomes, where proteins are synthesized. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and the protein-making machinery of the cell, ensuring that the correct sequence of amino acids is assembled to form proteins. Therefore, RNA is the correct term for the molecule that transmits genetic information to help make proteins.

Explanation
Glycogen is a polymer that serves as a form of energy storage in animal cells, particularly in muscles. It is composed of glucose molecules linked together in a branching structure, allowing for efficient storage and release of energy when needed. Glycogen acts as a readily available source of fuel during periods of high energy demand, such as during exercise or times of fasting.