Anatomy Physiology BSC 1085 - Test 1

Metabolism refers to the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to maintain life. It involves processes such as breaking down food molecules to release energy, synthesizing new molecules, and eliminating waste products. While digestion, excretion, secretion, and respiration are all important processes in living organisms, they are specific aspects of metabolism. Therefore, metabolism is the correct answer as it encompasses all the chemical reactions in living organisms.

Enzymes are special catalytic molecules that control chemical reactions in the human body. They act as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. Enzymes are highly specific and can only catalyze certain reactions. They play a crucial role in various metabolic processes, such as digestion, energy production, and DNA replication. Enzymes are essential for maintaining the normal functioning of cells and organs in the human body.

Homeostasis refers to the maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment in an organism. It involves various physiological processes that work together to regulate body temperature, pH levels, blood sugar levels, and other variables within a narrow range. Homeostasis ensures that the body's internal conditions remain stable despite external changes. Positive and negative feedback mechanisms are integral to homeostasis, but the term "homeostasis" itself encompasses the overall process of maintaining internal balance. Effector control and integration are related concepts, but they do not capture the full scope of homeostasis.

The correct answer is superior. The term "superior" refers to a position that is above or higher than another. In this context, it means that the chest is located higher than the umbilicus (belly button).

The thoracic cavity contains both the pericardial cavity and the pleural cavities. The pericardial cavity is the space that surrounds the heart, while the pleural cavities are the spaces that surround the lungs. These cavities are located within the thoracic cavity, which is the space in the chest between the neck and the diaphragm. The coelom is a general term for the body cavity that contains the internal organs, but it is not specific to the thoracic cavity. The pelvic cavity is located in the lower part of the abdomen and is not part of the thoracic cavity. Therefore, the correct answer is both b and d.

When the body temperature rises, the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease it. This is an example of negative feedback because the response opposes the initial stimulus. In this case, the body's response is aimed at reducing the elevated temperature and bringing it back to the normal range. Negative feedback is a regulatory mechanism that helps maintain homeostasis by counteracting any deviations from the desired set point.

During childbirth, the increasingly forceful labor contractions are an example of positive feedback. Positive feedback occurs when a stimulus amplifies or reinforces the initial response, leading to a cascade of events. In this case, the contraction of the uterus during labor stimulates the release of oxytocin, which in turn causes more contractions. This positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born.

Urine with a pH of 6 would be the least acidic among the given substances. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with a pH of 7 considered neutral. A lower pH indicates greater acidity, while a higher pH indicates greater alkalinity. With a pH of 6, urine is slightly acidic but less acidic compared to lemon juice (pH=2), tomato juice (pH=4), white wine (pH=3), and stomach secretion (pH=1).

Cytology is the study of the structure of individual cells. It focuses on the microscopic examination of cells to understand their structure, function, and organization. This field of study is important in various areas of biology and medicine, as it helps in understanding the basic building blocks of living organisms and their functions.

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Since the question states that the two atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, it suggests that they are isotopes. Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements, which is not relevant to the question. Isobars are atoms of different elements that have the same mass number, isotonic refers to solutions with the same concentration, and isometric refers to a type of exercise.

Histology is the correct answer because it refers to the study of the microscopic structure of tissue. This field involves examining tissues under a microscope to understand their composition, organization, and function at a cellular level. Gross anatomy, on the other hand, focuses on the study of structures that can be observed with the naked eye. Cytology is the study of cells, organology is the study of organs, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms.

A cut that passes parallel through the long axis of the body and divides the body into equal left and right halves is known as a midsagittal section. This type of section divides the body into symmetrical halves along the midline, allowing for a clear view of the internal structures and organs. It is different from a parasagittal section, which also divides the body into left and right halves but not necessarily equally. A frontal section divides the body into front and back halves, a coronal section divides the body into anterior and posterior halves, and a transverse section divides the body into upper and lower halves.

The given observation states that a chemical imbalance in a heart muscle cell can lead to the cessation of other tissues and organs. This suggests that the different levels of organization within an organism, such as cells, tissues, and organs, are interdependent on each other. In other words, the functioning of one level affects the functioning of the other levels, highlighting the interdependence of the various levels of organization within an organism.

Water actually has a relatively high heat capacity, meaning it can absorb and retain a large amount of heat without a significant increase in temperature. This property allows water to regulate temperature in organisms and environments, making it an essential component for life.

When you stir sugar into a hot drink, the sugar molecules dissolve in the liquid, forming a homogeneous mixture. This is known as a solution. In a solution, the solute (sugar) is evenly distributed and dispersed throughout the solvent (hot drink), resulting in a clear and transparent mixture. Ionic bonds refer to the electrostatic attraction between positively and negatively charged ions, which is not relevant in this scenario. Suspension, colloid, and emulsion involve larger particles that do not dissolve but remain dispersed in the liquid, leading to a cloudy or opaque appearance, which is not the case when sugar dissolves in a hot drink.

The coronal plane is a vertical plane that divides the body into front and back sections. This means that if the body is divided along the coronal plane, the face will remain intact because it is located in the front section of the body. The other planes listed (sagittal, equatorial, midsagittal, parasagittal) do not specifically divide the body in a way that would keep the face intact.

The atom number, also known as the atomic number, represents the number of protons in an atom. Since atom X has an atom number of 74, it means that it has 74 protons.

The mediastinum is a partition that separates the right pleural cavity from the left pleural cavity. The pleural cavities are located within the thoracic cavity and contain the lungs. The mediastinum houses the heart, great vessels, esophagus, and other structures.

The survival needs of the body include nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen. Nutrients are essential for providing energy and building blocks for the body's functions. Water is necessary for maintaining hydration and carrying out various bodily processes. Atmospheric pressure is required for proper breathing and circulation. Oxygen is vital for cellular respiration, which is the process that produces energy for the body.

Proteins are macromolecules that perform various functions in the body. They are involved in support, providing structural integrity to cells and tissues. Proteins also play a crucial role in transport, facilitating the movement of molecules and substances across cell membranes. Metabolic regulation is another function of proteins, as they act as enzymes and catalysts in metabolic reactions. Movement is also a function of proteins, as they are involved in muscle contraction and cell motility. However, storage of genetic information is not a function of proteins. Genetic information is stored in the form of DNA and RNA molecules.

The atomic number represents the number of protons in an atom. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Each element has a unique atomic number, which determines its position on the periodic table. The number of protons in an atom also determines its identity as a specific element. Therefore, the correct answer is "proton in an atom."

The correct answer is 4 2 1 3 6 5. This is the correct arrangement of the levels of organization from the smallest to the largest. At the smallest level, we have organelles, followed by cells, then tissues, organs, organ systems, and finally the whole organism.

A dehydration synthesis reaction between glycerol and a single fatty acid would yield a monoglyceride. In this reaction, a water molecule is removed and the glycerol molecule bonds with the fatty acid, forming an ester bond. The resulting product is a monoglyceride, which consists of one fatty acid molecule attached to the glycerol backbone.

Aging is not considered a characteristic of living organisms because it is a process that occurs over time and is associated with the deterioration of an organism's body and functions. While all living organisms undergo changes and eventually die, aging is not a defining characteristic of life itself. Responsiveness, reproduction, growth, and metabolism are all essential characteristics of living organisms as they involve the ability to respond to stimuli, produce offspring, increase in size and complexity, and carry out chemical processes for energy and maintenance.

When we sweat, the property of water that is demonstrated is its high heat of vaporization. This means that water requires a significant amount of heat energy to change from a liquid state to a gaseous state. When we sweat, the heat from our body is used to convert the liquid sweat into vapor, which then evaporates from our skin. This process helps to cool down our body as the heat energy is transferred from our body to the surrounding environment.

The given reaction, n2 + 3 H2 2 nh3, is an example of a synthesis reaction. In a synthesis reaction, two or more substances combine to form a single product. In this case, nitrogen gas (N2) and hydrogen gas (H2) react to form ammonia (NH3).

Glycogen is the most important means of energy storage in the human body. It is a complex carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscles. When the body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose, which can be used by the cells for energy. Glycogen is especially important during times of fasting or intense exercise when the body needs a quick source of energy. It is stored in larger quantities compared to other options listed, such as amino acids, glycolipids, starch, and cholesterol, making it the primary energy storage molecule in the body.

Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another. In an ionic bond, one atom loses electrons to become positively charged (cation), while the other atom gains those electrons to become negatively charged (anion). The attraction between the opposite charges holds the atoms together, forming the ionic bond. This transfer of electrons allows both atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration, similar to the noble gases.

The double blind method is a scientific method used to avoid psychological bias in medical research. In this method, neither the participants nor the researchers are aware of which group (control or experimental) they belong to. This helps in eliminating any potential bias that could arise from the participants or researchers knowing the treatment being administered. By keeping both parties blind to the treatment, the results obtained are more objective and reliable.

The spleen is located in the left upper abdominopelvic quadrant. This is because the spleen is an organ that is situated in the upper left part of the abdomen, just below the diaphragm and behind the stomach. It is not located in the right upper, right lower, left lower, or epigastric quadrant.

Glucose is a type of organic compound, not an inorganic compound. Inorganic compounds are typically composed of elements other than carbon, while organic compounds contain carbon atoms bonded to other elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Glucose is a carbohydrate and is found in living organisms, making it an organic compound. Water, acid, bases, and salt are all examples of inorganic compounds as they do not contain carbon atoms bonded to other elements.

Atoms with the same atomic number are grouped into elements because the atomic number determines the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom, so atoms with the same atomic number belong to the same element. Molecules are formed when atoms of different elements combine, cells are the basic structural units of living organisms, compounds are substances made up of two or more different elements, and isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.

The exception in this case is "A hypothesis should be proposed by a leading researcher in some field of study." This statement is not true because a hypothesis can be proposed by anyone, not just a leading researcher. It is the validity and testability of the hypothesis that matter, rather than the status or reputation of the person proposing it.

Andreas Vesalius revolutionized medical education in the sixteenth century by publishing the world's first accurate anatomical illustrations. His book, "De Humani Corporis Fabrica," provided detailed and precise illustrations of the human body, challenging the previously accepted teachings of Galen. Vesalius's work laid the foundation for modern anatomy and greatly improved the understanding of the human body.

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are composed of a combination of proteins and carbohydrates. Carbohydrates play a crucial role in these molecules by providing structural stability and aiding in cell recognition and signaling. They are covalently attached to the protein backbone, forming glycosidic bonds. This combination allows for diverse functions such as cell adhesion, immune response, and extracellular matrix formation. Fatty acids, lipids, and nucleic acids are not involved in the composition of glycoproteins and proteoglycans.

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons are inert. Inert elements do not readily react with other elements or form compounds because they already have a stable electron configuration. This stability is achieved by having a full outer shell of electrons, which makes the element less likely to gain or lose electrons and form chemical bonds with other elements. Inert elements are often found in Group 18 of the periodic table, known as the noble gases, which include helium, neon, argon, and others. These gases are known for their low reactivity and are commonly used in various applications due to their inertness.

The given statement "Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atom and negatively charged atom" is incorrect. Hydrogen bonds are actually formed between a hydrogen atom and a strongly electronegative atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen. This electronegative atom attracts the shared electron pair towards itself, creating a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atom and a partial negative charge on the electronegative atom. This weak electrostatic attraction between the positive hydrogen and negative atom is known as a hydrogen bond.

A nonpolar organic molecule is a hydrophobic compound because it does not have any charged regions that can interact with water molecules. Hydrophobic compounds are repelled by water and tend to aggregate together, forming separate phases in water.

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. This means that they have the same number and types of atoms, but the arrangement of these atoms is different. Isotopes, isozymes, isotypes, and isomonomers are all different concepts and do not refer to molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

An atom with an atomic number of 6 indicates that it has 6 protons in its nucleus. Since the atom is neutral, it means that the number of protons is balanced by the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus. Therefore, a neutral atom of this element contains 6 protons and 6 electrons. The mass number of 14 indicates that there are 8 neutrons in the nucleus (mass number = protons + neutrons).

The compound "arbinose" is mentioned as a carbohydrate in the textbook.

Maltose is a disaccharide because it is made up of two glucose molecules bonded together. Disaccharides are carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bond. Cellulose, glycogen, and glucose are polysaccharides, while fructose is a monosaccharide.

The given answer, colloid, is correct because a colloid is a type of mixture where small particles are dispersed in a medium, in this case, the liquid XYZ. The scattering of light indicates the presence of these dispersed particles, even though there is no precipitant at the bottom of the beaker. This suggests that the particles are suspended evenly throughout the liquid, forming a colloid.

The correct answer is that Na2HPO4 absorbs excess H+ and OH- directly on its surface and crystalline structure. This means that when a small amount of hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution does not change. Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer, able to absorb and neutralize both acidic and basic components without significantly affecting the pH of the solution.

Erasistratus is considered to be the father of physiology because he made significant contributions to the field during the Hellenistic period. He was one of the first to dissect human bodies and study the functions of organs, nerves, and blood vessels. Erasistratus also proposed the concept of homeostasis, which is the idea that the body maintains a stable internal environment. His work laid the foundation for the study of human physiology and greatly advanced our understanding of how the body functions.

Each amino acid differs from another based on the nature of the R group. The R group, also known as the side chain, is a variable group that is attached to the central carbon atom of an amino acid. It can be a simple hydrogen atom or a complex functional group. The nature of the R group determines the properties and characteristics of the amino acid, such as its polarity, charge, and reactivity. This variation in the R group is what gives each amino acid its unique chemical properties and allows for the diverse range of proteins to be formed.

Prostaglandins are a class of lipids. Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of cell membranes. Prostaglandins are derived from fatty acids and play a crucial role in various physiological processes, such as inflammation, blood clotting, and the regulation of blood pressure. They are not proteins, steroids, carbohydrates, or glands, which makes lipids the correct answer.

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in their outermost shell, while chlorine atoms have seven electrons in their outermost shell. In order to achieve stability, magnesium will lose its two electrons and chlorine will gain one electron. This results in the formation of an ionic compound, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), where one magnesium atom combines with two chlorine atoms. Therefore, the correct answer is "1 mag 2 chlor."

A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Each peptide bond is formed between two amino acids. If a polypeptide contains 10 peptide bonds, it means there are 10 amino acids linked together. However, since the question asks for the total number of amino acids in the polypeptide, we need to consider that there is always one less amino acid than the number of peptide bonds. Therefore, if there are 10 peptide bonds, the polypeptide contains 11 amino acids.

The pH of a solution is a measure of its acidity or alkalinity. It is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the solution. In this question, it is stated that solution B has 100 times the hydrogen ion concentration of solution A. Since solution A has a pH of 5, which is slightly acidic, solution B will have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions and therefore a lower pH. A pH of 3 indicates a more acidic solution than a pH of 5, so the correct answer is 3.