American History I -- June 1967

The economy of the Soviet Union differed from the economy of the United States in the manner of deciding which goods and services shall be produced. In the Soviet Union, the government centrally planned and controlled the economy, determining what should be produced, how much should be produced, and who should produce it. This was in contrast to the United States, where the economy operated under a market system, with decisions about production being made by individual businesses and consumers based on supply and demand.

Organized labor hopes to achieve its aim of a 35-hour week with the same weekly pay and premium pay for extra hours through federal legislation. The passage mentions that union leaders promise to press their campaign not only through collective bargaining but also in seeking appropriate revisions to the Fair Labor Standards Act. This suggests that they are looking to change the existing federal legislation to support their goal.

The correct answer reflects the philosophy of the Presidents of the United States in the 1920s, which emphasized the importance of business and its role in the country. This philosophy promoted a pro-business approach, emphasizing the belief that the success of American businesses would lead to the overall prosperity of the nation. It advocated for limited government intervention and regulation, allowing businesses to operate freely and drive economic growth. This philosophy was in line with the prevailing sentiment during the Roaring Twenties, a period of economic expansion and optimism.

The quotation refers to the Hawley-Smoot Act to raise United States tariffs. The act is described as having disastrous consequences, including curtailing the market for European exports, depriving foreign countries of the exchange to purchase American exports, provoking retaliation in the form of additional worldwide trade restrictions, and increasing the burden on the American economy.

The correct answer is "majority rule might prove to be tyrannical in some cases." The system of checks and balances in the federal Constitution suggests that the delegates to the Constitutional Convention recognized the potential for majority rule to become oppressive or tyrannical. They believed that it was important to have a system of checks and balances in place to prevent any one branch of government or group from gaining too much power and potentially abusing it. This demonstrates their concerns about the potential dangers of majority rule and their desire to protect individual rights and prevent tyranny.

The correct answer is the intervention of the US in the Korean conflict. The policy of containment was a strategy employed by the United States during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism. The US intervened in the Korean conflict in 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, in an effort to contain the spread of communism in the region. This intervention was a clear example of the US policy of containment in action.

The political groups known as the Federalists and the Antifederalists emerged as a result of the conflict over the ratification of the federal Constitution. The Federalists supported the ratification of the Constitution and believed in a strong central government, while the Antifederalists opposed the ratification and were concerned about the potential for a strong central government to infringe upon individual rights. The debate over the ratification of the Constitution led to the formation of these political groups and ultimately shaped the early political landscape of the United States.

The lesson that can be drawn from the United States Senate's rejection of the Versailles Treaty is that bipartisan support is important in formulating foreign policy. The rejection of the treaty by the Senate was largely due to partisan disagreements and a lack of bipartisan support. This highlights the importance of having both political parties working together and finding common ground when it comes to making decisions on foreign policy matters. Without bipartisan support, it becomes difficult to pass important treaties and agreements, which can hinder the country's ability to effectively engage in international relations.

The Hamiltonian philosophy of government action in economic matters is consistent with the New Deal and Great Society programs because both of these programs involved significant government intervention in the economy. Hamiltonian philosophy supports a strong central government that actively participates in economic affairs, which aligns with the goals of the New Deal and Great Society programs to address economic inequality, regulate industries, and provide social welfare programs.

Presidential electors generally support the nominees of their political party because of custom and precedent. This means that there is a long-standing tradition and expectation within the political system that electors will vote for the candidate chosen by their party. This custom and precedent have been established over time and are followed to maintain party unity and ensure that the nominee chosen by the party has the best chance of winning the presidency. This practice helps to maintain stability and consistency in the electoral process.

The correct answer is "overtime". The passage discusses the battle over a 35-hour workweek with double time as premium pay for hours worked beyond 35. This is directly related to the concept of overtime, which refers to the additional pay an employee receives for working beyond their regular hours. The passage also mentions that union leaders plan to seek appropriate revisions to the Fair Labor Standards Act, which is the legislation that governs overtime pay and other labor standards. Therefore, the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act that apply to the problem discussed in the selection are related to overtime.

The passage discusses the opposing views on the issue of a shorter workweek and presents arguments from both organized labor and employers/government experts. Organized labor argues for a 35-hour week with the same pay and double time for extra hours, citing the high rate of unemployment and the potential impact of automation. On the other hand, employers and government experts argue that a shorter workweek could lead to job destruction due to increased costs and prices. Therefore, the title "Arguments for and against a shorter workweek" best summarizes the content of the passage.

The movement to bring about reapportionment of seats in state legislatures and in the lower House of Congress is aimed at adjusting to the rapid growth of urban areas. As urban areas continue to expand, the population distribution becomes uneven, with more people living in cities than in rural areas. Reapportionment ensures that the representation in legislative bodies reflects this population shift, allowing urban areas to have a fair and proportional voice in decision-making. This helps to address the challenges and needs specific to urban areas that arise from their rapid growth and development.

If the United States is already in the recession stage of the business cycle, curtailing new orders for goods would further decrease the demand for goods and services. This would lead to a decrease in production and potentially result in higher unemployment rates, lower consumer spending, and a further decline in economic activity. This action would exacerbate the negative trends already present in the economy and potentially push it towards a depression.

The ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence were not based on the writings of Tocqueville and other European travelers in America, as Tocqueville's work was published many years after the Declaration was written. The ideas also did not originate with the Second Continental Congress's committee to draft a declaration, as they were already well-established before the committee was formed. Instead, the ideas in the Declaration were a product of the thinking of European political writers, such as John Locke, and of the colonists' own experiences living under British rule.

President Cleveland's first administration is considered outstanding because he showed courage in his stand on tariff and civil service reform. This means that he took bold and brave actions in advocating for and implementing policies related to tariffs and the civil service. These actions likely had a positive impact and were seen as significant achievements during his presidency.

In 1647, an act was passed that mandated every township in Massachusetts with fifty or more householders to hire a teacher. This law was put in place to ensure that education was accessible to all residents and to promote literacy and learning in the colony. It was a significant step towards establishing a public education system in Massachusetts and highlights the importance that the colony placed on education and intellectual development.

The most likely explanation for the price rise in this scenario is that the manufacturer controls a significant part of the market. This means that the manufacturer has the power to manipulate the price of the product by reducing the supply, creating scarcity, and increasing the demand. As a result, they can raise the price without affecting the overall supply and demand equilibrium.

During the period 1840-60, the United States expanded to the Pacific through territorial expansion, which was made possible by purchase. This means that the US acquired territories through purchasing land rather than through military force or conflict. This method of expansion suggests that the US was able to negotiate and make deals with other nations to acquire the necessary land for its westward expansion. It also implies that the US was able to use its economic power to secure territorial gains, indicating a level of diplomatic and economic prowess during this time.

In the United States, a current nationwide trend in education is the experimentation with preschool programs for the disadvantaged. This trend is aimed at providing early education opportunities to children from disadvantaged backgrounds in order to bridge the achievement gap and improve their long-term educational outcomes. These programs focus on providing high-quality early childhood education, support services, and resources to children who may not have access to such opportunities otherwise. This trend reflects a growing recognition of the importance of early education in setting a strong foundation for future academic success.

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The outcome of President Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial being a victory for the principle of separation of powers can be explained by the fact that the trial demonstrated the independence and autonomy of the Senate in its decision-making process. The Senate, as a separate branch of government, was able to exercise its power to hold the President accountable for his actions, thus upholding the principle of checks and balances and the separation of powers outlined in the Constitution. This outcome showed that the Senate was not influenced by partisan motives and was able to act as a check on the executive branch when necessary.

During the 1920s, the United States experienced a period of rapid urbanization, and this statement suggests that the automobile, radio, moving picture, and newspaper played a significant role in this process. This aligns with the time period known as the Roaring Twenties or the Jazz Age, which was characterized by technological advancements and cultural changes. The popularity and widespread use of automobiles, along with the rise of mass media such as radio, movies, and newspapers, contributed to the urbanization of the nation during this period.

Following the French and Indian War, colonial opposition to British policy was primarily driven by stricter enforcement of the policy of mercantilism. Mercantilism was an economic system in which colonies existed to benefit the mother country through the regulation of trade and accumulation of wealth. The British government began to enforce mercantilist policies more strictly after the war in order to recoup the costs incurred during the conflict. This stricter enforcement included measures such as increased taxation and regulation of colonial trade, which greatly angered the colonists and fueled their opposition to British rule.

The Alliance for Progress program is most consistent with the principles found in the Good Neighbor policy. The Good Neighbor policy was a foreign policy approach adopted by the United States towards Latin American countries in the 1930s. It aimed to improve relations and promote cooperation with these countries, emphasizing non-intervention and respect for their sovereignty. The Alliance for Progress program, launched in 1961, was also focused on improving relations with Latin American countries and promoting economic and social development in the region. Both initiatives shared the goal of fostering positive relationships and mutual cooperation between the United States and Latin American nations.

The opponents of the quota system argued that it discriminated against individuals from Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia. This is because the quota system established a maximum limit on the number of immigrants that could enter the United States from each country or region. The quotas were based on the population of foreign-born individuals from that country or region already residing in the United States in 1910. As a result, countries with larger populations in 1910, such as those in Western Europe, were given larger quotas, while countries with smaller populations, such as those in Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia, were given smaller quotas. This led to a disproportionate limitation on immigration from these regions.

The general trend of United States Supreme Court decisions since the 1930s has been to increase economic regulation and protect civil liberties. This means that the court has generally supported government intervention in economic matters to ensure fairness and prevent abuses, while also safeguarding individual rights and freedoms. This trend can be seen in cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, which protected civil liberties by ending racial segregation in schools, and Wickard v. Filburn, which increased economic regulation by allowing the government to regulate a farmer's production of wheat for personal use.

During a period of recession, the Federal Reserve Board can stimulate the economy by lowering reserve requirements for member banks of the System. By reducing the amount of reserves that member banks are required to hold, they are able to lend out more money to businesses and individuals. This increase in lending stimulates economic activity, as it provides businesses with the capital they need to invest and expand, and individuals with the funds to make purchases. This helps to boost overall economic growth and counteract the negative effects of a recession.

The most recent amendment added to the United States Constitution provides for succession in the event of the President's disability. This means that if the President becomes unable to fulfill their duties due to illness, injury, or any other reason, there is a clear process in place to ensure that someone else can step in and take over as President temporarily. This amendment was added to ensure the continuity of leadership and prevent any power vacuum in such situations.

The given information states that the gross national product is increasing, prices are steady, and the percent of unemployed is increasing. From this, we can infer that the increase in unemployment is not due to a decline in the overall economy but rather due to technological advancements replacing human labor, leading to technological unemployment. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the gross national product is increasing, indicating a growing economy, and prices are steady, suggesting that inflation is not a factor in the increase in unemployment. Therefore, the best conclusion that applies to the quotation is that technological unemployment is increasing.

The presence of United States soldiers in West Germany affects the gold drain of the United States international trade chiefly because money spent by soldiers has the same effect as imports by the US. This means that when the soldiers spend money in West Germany, it is essentially like importing goods or services from West Germany, which contributes to the outflow of gold from the United States.

The question "Does the Constitution follow the flag?" was raised as a result of the acquisition of Puerto Rico and the Philippines. This implies that there was uncertainty or debate about whether the Constitution would apply to these newly acquired territories.

The correct answer is Martin Van Buren in 1836. This is because Martin Van Buren was the Vice President under President Andrew Jackson and was heavily influenced by him. Jackson played a significant role in Van Buren's nomination and campaign, which ultimately led to his election as President. This demonstrates the influence of a President in the selection of his successor.

In the midst of prosperity, 20% of the people live in poverty. This statement suggests that although the United States experienced overall economic growth and prosperity during the 1960s, there was still a significant portion of the population living in poverty. This indicates that the benefits of the economic growth were not evenly distributed and that there were still significant social and economic inequalities present in the country during that time.

During the second half of the 19th century, the position of the farmer in the United States was characterized by the need to borrow money at high rates of interest. This suggests that farmers faced financial difficulties and had limited access to capital, forcing them to rely on loans to sustain their operations. The high interest rates further exacerbated their financial burden, making it even more challenging for farmers to thrive economically.

The correct answer is economic changes which had taken place. During this time period, the United States experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. This led to the rise of big businesses and the concentration of wealth in the hands of a few individuals. As a result, the central government gained more power to regulate and control these economic changes, such as through the implementation of antitrust laws and the creation of regulatory agencies.

The United States neutrality legislation of the 1930s was implemented to prevent the country from getting involved in any wars that may arise due to interference with trade. This legislation aimed to maintain a neutral position and protect the interests of US merchants by avoiding any entanglements in conflicts that could potentially disrupt trade relations. By staying neutral, the US government sought to preserve peace and avoid being drawn into any international conflicts.

The correct answer is Virginia because it was in Jamestown, Virginia where the first representative assembly in the New World, known as the House of Burgesses, met in 1619. This assembly marked an important milestone in the development of self-government in the American colonies.

During the period 1865-1900, the United States government traditionally followed a policy of supporting economic growth through measures such as aid to railroads, providing cheap land, and tariff legislation. However, antitrust legislation was a departure from this traditional policy. Antitrust legislation aimed to regulate and control monopolistic practices in order to promote fair competition and protect consumers. This shift in policy reflected a growing concern about the concentration of economic power in the hands of a few large corporations and a desire to ensure a more level playing field for businesses.

Great Britain's sympathetic attitude toward the Monroe Doctrine can be explained by her desire to increase her trade with foreign nations. The Monroe Doctrine, announced in 1823, aimed to prevent European colonization or intervention in the Americas. By supporting this doctrine, Great Britain could ensure that Latin American countries remained independent and open to trade with all nations, including Britain. This would provide Britain with new markets for its goods and access to valuable resources in the Americas, ultimately benefiting its economy.

During his presidency, Thomas Jefferson's policies indicated that he favored neutrality in the conflict between Great Britain and France. This can be seen in his efforts to maintain peace and avoid involvement in the ongoing war between these two European powers. Jefferson believed that the United States should remain neutral and not take sides in the conflict, as he wanted to protect American interests and avoid being drawn into another European war. His policies included the Embargo Act of 1807, which aimed to prevent American involvement in the conflict by prohibiting trade with both Britain and France.

The idea of cooperative development was basic to Henry Clay's "American System". This system aimed to promote economic growth and development in the United States through protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements such as roads and canals. It emphasized the need for cooperation between different regions of the country to achieve economic progress. This concept of cooperation aligns with the idea of cooperative development mentioned in the question.

In 1735, a court decision in New York upheld freedom of the press. This means that the court ruled in favor of allowing the press to have the freedom to publish and express their opinions without censorship or interference. This decision was significant in protecting the rights of journalists and promoting the free flow of information in New York.

The most urgent conservation need in Eastern United States today is the development of additional sources of pure water. This implies that there is a scarcity of clean water in the region and there is a pressing need to find new sources to meet the demand. This could be due to factors such as population growth, pollution, or depletion of existing water sources.

Andrew Jackson was elected as President in 1828 primarily because of the extension of manhood suffrage. This means that more white males were given the right to vote, which increased the number of eligible voters. Jackson appealed to these new voters by portraying himself as a champion of the common man and promising to fight against political corruption and elitism. His popularity among these newly enfranchised voters helped him secure the presidency.

The New Deal, Square Deal, and New Freedom were all policies implemented by different presidents to address economic and social issues. While the Square Deal and New Freedom focused on different aspects, such as labor rights and economic competition, they all shared the goal of increasing federal regulation of business. The New Deal, implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, aimed to regulate and reform the economy in response to the Great Depression. Therefore, extending federal regulation of business is the correct answer as it aligns with the overall objective of the New Deal.

The two legally recognized political parties in New York State are the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party.

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The Toleration Act of 1649 was a law passed in Maryland that granted religious toleration to all Christians. This meant that individuals of different Christian denominations, such as Catholics and Protestants, were allowed to practice their religion freely without fear of persecution. This act was significant because it was one of the earliest examples of religious tolerance in colonial America, and it helped establish Maryland as a haven for religious freedom.