AHS 307 Opthalmic Drugs

The aqueous humor is a clear fluid that fills the front part of the eye, between the cornea and the lens. It is responsible for maintaining the shape of the eye and providing nutrients to the cornea and lens. The ciliary process is a part of the ciliary body, which is located behind the iris. It is responsible for producing the aqueous humor. Therefore, the statement that the aqueous humor is made by the ciliary process located behind the iris is true.

Miotics are used to constrict the pupils. Miotics are a type of medication that work by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system, causing the muscles in the iris to contract. This contraction leads to a decrease in pupil size, also known as miosis. Miotics are commonly used in the treatment of conditions such as glaucoma, where reducing the size of the pupil helps to improve the outflow of fluid from the eye and reduce intraocular pressure.

Corticosteroids should not be used in the eye in the case of a bacterial or fungal infection because corticosteroids suppress the immune system and can worsen the infection. Bacterial and fungal infections require specific antimicrobial treatment, and using corticosteroids can delay the healing process and potentially lead to complications. Therefore, it is important to avoid using corticosteroids in the eye when there is a bacterial or fungal infection present.

The opposite is true; acetylcysteine blocks collagenase.

Corticosteroids should not be used in the eye in the case of a corneal ulcer. Corneal ulcers are typically caused by bacterial or fungal infections, and corticosteroids can suppress the immune system and worsen the infection. The use of corticosteroids in this case can lead to delayed healing and potentially more severe complications. Therefore, it is important to avoid using corticosteroids in the eye when treating a corneal ulcer.

Pilocarpine is a medication that is commonly used to constrict the pupils. It works by stimulating the muscles in the eye that control the size of the pupil, causing them to contract. This can be useful in certain medical situations, such as during eye examinations or surgeries, where a smaller pupil size is desired. Atropine, on the other hand, is a medication that is used to dilate the pupils. Fluorescein sodium is a dye that is used to detect corneal abrasions and is not involved in pupil constriction.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a disease that affects the tear production in the eyes. In this condition, tear production is reduced or decreased. This leads to dryness and inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva, causing symptoms such as dry eyes, redness, and irritation. Treatment typically involves the use of artificial tears or other lubricating eye drops to alleviate the symptoms and improve tear production.

Atropine would be contraindicated in animals with glaucoma and KCS because it is a mydriatic agent that causes pupil dilation. In glaucoma, the increased pressure in the eye can damage the optic nerve, and dilating the pupil can further increase this pressure. Additionally, in KCS (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), there is already a deficiency of tear production, and dilating the pupil can exacerbate dryness and discomfort in the eye. Therefore, using atropine in these conditions could worsen the symptoms and potentially cause harm to the animal's eyes.

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KCS stands for keratoconjunctivitis sicca, which is a medical term used to describe a condition commonly known as dry eye syndrome. This condition occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or when the tears evaporate too quickly. It can cause discomfort, redness, itching, and a gritty sensation in the eyes. Treatment options for KCS include artificial tears, prescription eye drops, and lifestyle changes to improve eye health.

Epinephrine is used in the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome because it causes dilation of the pupil in unaffected eyes. It is also used to prevent glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure. Tropicamide is a mydriatic drug used to dilate the pupil for eye examinations. Atropine is another mydriatic drug used for pupil dilation and also for the treatment of certain eye conditions. Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressant medication used to prevent rejection in organ transplant patients and is not directly related to the diagnosis of Horner's syndrome or glaucoma prevention.

Corticosteroids and cyclosporine A can be used to treat Pannus. Corticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs that can help reduce the inflammation and swelling associated with Pannus. Cyclosporine A is an immunosuppressant that can help suppress the immune system, which is often overactive in Pannus. These medications can help alleviate symptoms and slow down the progression of the disease. Acetozolamide and collagenase are not typically used to treat Pannus, and NSAIDs may provide some relief from pain and inflammation but are not specific treatments for Pannus.

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, also known as dry eye syndrome, is a condition that results in decreased tear production and dryness of the eyes. This can lead to various complications such as persistent mucopurulent conjunctivitis, which is characterized by persistent discharge and inflammation of the conjunctiva. Additionally, the dryness can cause corneal scarring and ulceration, which can further impair vision and lead to discomfort. Therefore, the given answer options of persistent mucopurulent conjunctivitis, corneal scarring, and corneal ulceration are all potential consequences of keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

When a cornea stains with fluorescein, it indicates damage or injury to the cornea. Drugs in ointment form should be avoided because they can further irritate the cornea and hinder the healing process. Similarly, drugs that contain steroids should be avoided as they can suppress the immune response and delay the healing of the cornea. Therefore, both drugs in ointment form and drugs that contain steroids should be avoided in this situation.

The given answer lists five veterinary mydriatics, which are drugs used to dilate the pupils in animals. Atropine, Homatropine, Phenylephrine, Tropicamide, and Epinephrine are all commonly used mydriatics in veterinary medicine. These drugs work by either blocking the action of certain muscles in the eye or stimulating the muscles that dilate the pupil. They are used for various purposes, such as during eye examinations or surgeries.