AHS 110 Cumulative Review I

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate. It is the first step in cellular respiration and occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. Therefore, the correct answer is cytoplasm.

Glycolysis releases 2 net ATP. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate. In this process, four molecules of ATP are produced, but two molecules are also consumed, resulting in a net production of 2 ATP molecules. Therefore, the correct answer is 2 or two.

Glucose is the basic unit of carbohydrates. It is a simple sugar and the most important source of energy for the body. Hexose refers to a carbohydrate molecule that contains six carbon atoms, such as glucose. Therefore, both glucose and hexose are correct answers as they refer to the same basic unit of carbohydrates.

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The correct answer is "Type 2" diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is generally acquired and is often related to obesity.

Amylopectin is a type of starch that is commonly found in many fruits and vegetables. It is loosely structured, meaning it has a branched chain of glucose molecules. Animals use the enzyme amylase to break down amylopectin into smaller glucose molecules, which can then be used as a source of energy.

This is because longer chains of fatty acids have more hydrophobic regions, which repel water molecules. As a result, the fat becomes more water insoluble.

Oleic acid is the primary plant fat that makes up most common oils such as corn and soybean oil.

Animals still require nonessential amino acids, but can synthesize them from amino acids and glucose.

Catabolism refers to the breakdown of nutrients in the body to generate energy and heat. It is the process by which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. Anabolism, on the other hand, is the process of building complex molecules from simpler ones. Metabolism, however, is a broader term that encompasses both catabolism and anabolism, as it refers to all the chemical reactions that occur in the body to maintain life.

Fructose is a type of sugar that is naturally found in fruits. It is commonly referred to as "fruit sugar" because it is the primary sugar found in most fruits. Unlike table sugar, which is a combination of glucose and fructose, fructose is a simple sugar that is easily digested and absorbed by the body. It is often used as a sweetener in processed foods and beverages.

Weaning is characterized as a transition period because it is the process of gradually introducing solid foods to a baby's diet while reducing their dependency on breastfeeding or formula feeding. It marks the transition from exclusive milk feeding to a more varied and solid food diet. During this phase, the baby's digestive system matures, and they learn to eat and digest different types of foods. It is an important milestone in a baby's development as they transition from being solely reliant on milk to being able to consume a wider range of foods for nutrition.

Adulthood/Maintenance is the phase characterized by steady body condition. During this phase, the body has reached its full growth and development, and the individual is no longer experiencing rapid changes in body composition. The goal of this phase is to maintain a stable body condition, which includes maintaining a healthy weight, muscle mass, and overall health. This phase typically occurs after the growth phase and before the aging phase, where the body starts to experience gradual decline in function.

The primary purpose of feeding management in early growth is to establish good eating habits for the lifetime of the animal. This means that during the early stages of growth, it is crucial to provide proper nutrition and feeding practices to ensure that the animal develops healthy eating habits that will benefit them throughout their life. By establishing good eating habits early on, the animal will be more likely to maintain a balanced diet and avoid potential health issues related to poor nutrition.

Hyperplasia refers to the increase in the number of cells. It is a physiological response to certain stimuli or conditions, such as hormonal changes or tissue damage. This increase in cell number can occur in various tissues and organs in the body. Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy, which refers to the increase in cell size.

Hypertrophy is the increase in size of cells.

Smaller animals reach mature weight faster, sooner, or earlier compared to larger animals. This means that the growth and development process of smaller animals is quicker than that of larger animals.

If the synthesis of triacylglycerol is greater than the breakdown, it means that more fat is being produced than being broken down. This results in an overall increase in the total amount of fat in the body.

Atoms are the basic units of matter. They are the smallest particles of an element that retain the chemical properties of that element. Atoms combine together to form molecules and compounds. They consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Each element is made up of a unique type of atom, and the different arrangements and combinations of atoms give rise to the wide variety of substances found in the universe. Therefore, atoms are considered the fundamental building blocks of matter.

In a condensation reaction, water is released. This means that during the reaction, two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, and in the process, a water molecule is eliminated as a byproduct. This can occur in various chemical reactions, such as the formation of esters or peptides, where the removal of water allows for the formation of new bonds between the molecules involved.

Glycogen serves as a storage form of sugar and carbohydrate. It is a polysaccharide that is formed by the liver and muscles to store glucose. When the body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose to fuel various cellular processes. Therefore, glycogen acts as a reserve of sugar and carbohydrate in the body.

When energy stores are depleted, liver cells will break down glycogen and release glucose subunits. Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles. When the body needs energy, liver cells break down glycogen through a process called glycogenolysis and release glucose molecules into the bloodstream. This glucose can then be used by cells throughout the body for energy production.

Lipids are organic molecules that are made up of fatty acids. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end. They are an essential component of lipids and play a crucial role in various biological processes. Lipids are important for energy storage, insulation, and the formation of cell membranes. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "fatty acids".

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. Each amino acid has a unique structure and side chain that determines its specific properties and function. Therefore, amino acids play a crucial role in the structure and function of proteins.

Adenine binds to thymine in DNA through hydrogen bonding. Adenine and thymine form a complementary base pair, where adenine pairs with thymine with two hydrogen bonds. This base pairing is essential for the stability and replication of DNA.

Aerobic cellular respiration is the correct answer because animals cells primarily use this pathway to release energy. In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and a large amount of ATP. This process is more efficient and produces more ATP compared to anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration, on the other hand, occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces lactic acid or ethanol as byproducts. However, it is less efficient and produces less ATP. Therefore, aerobic cellular respiration is the preferred energy-releasing pathway for animal cells.

Metabolism refers to the chemical processes that occur within an organism to convert nutrients into energy or to build cellular and organ structures. It encompasses both catabolism, which involves the breakdown of complex molecules to release energy, and anabolism, which involves the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. Therefore, metabolism is the correct answer as it encompasses both catabolism and anabolism.

Anabolism refers to the process of synthesizing new compounds in an organism. It involves the building up of complex molecules from simpler ones, typically requiring energy input. This process is essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body's tissues. Catabolism, on the other hand, is the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. Metabolism is a broader term that encompasses both anabolism and catabolism, referring to all the chemical reactions that occur in an organism to maintain life.

Glucose is referred to as blood sugar because it is the primary source of energy for the body's cells and is transported through the bloodstream. It is produced when carbohydrates are broken down during digestion and is then used by cells for various metabolic processes. Therefore, glucose is commonly measured in blood tests to monitor blood sugar levels, which can indicate conditions such as diabetes.

Monosaccharides are the correct answer because they are the basic units or building blocks of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules. They are the main source of energy for the body and can be found in foods like fruits, vegetables, and grains. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

The phase characterized by bone and muscle development is the growth phase. During this phase, the body undergoes significant changes and growth, including the development and strengthening of bones and muscles. This phase is crucial for overall physical development and is typically observed during childhood and adolescence.

Dogs and cats are born altricial.

The correct answer is COOH because the structure provided shows a carboxyl group. The carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (OH) attached to the same carbon atom. In the given structure, the COOH represents the carboxyl group, with the OH representing the hydroxyl group and the C=O representing the carbonyl group.

Guanine binds to cytosine. In DNA, guanine and cytosine form a complementary base pair, where guanine always pairs with cytosine. This is due to the specific hydrogen bonding patterns between the nitrogenous bases. The pairing of guanine with cytosine is a fundamental aspect of DNA structure and plays a crucial role in DNA replication and protein synthesis.

Lipogenesis refers to the process of creating new fat molecules from glucose and amino acids, while lipolysis is the breakdown of fat molecules. This means that lipogenesis is responsible for the synthesis of new fat, while lipolysis is responsible for the breakdown of existing fat. Therefore, the statement that lipogenesis is the synthesis of new fat from glucose and amino acids, while lipolysis is the breakdown of fat, is true.

ATP is the primary unit of energy extracted from glucose. Glucose is broken down through a series of chemical reactions in the process of cellular respiration, and ATP is produced as a result. ATP stores and releases energy in cells, making it the main energy currency of the cell. ADP and NADH are also involved in cellular respiration, but they are not the primary units of energy extracted from glucose.

Acetic acid is commonly known as vinegar. Vinegar is a liquid that is mainly composed of acetic acid, water, and other trace chemicals. It is used in cooking, cleaning, and as a condiment. The sour taste of vinegar is due to the presence of acetic acid. Therefore, the correct answer is vinegar.

Mammals excrete proteins as urea, birds excrete proteins as uric acid, and fish excrete proteins as ammonia.

Table sugar, also known as sucrose, is the correct answer. Sucrose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. It is commonly found in table sugar and is often used as a sweetener in food and beverages. When consumed, sucrose is broken down into glucose and fructose, which can then be used as a source of energy by the body. Therefore, table sugar can impact blood sugar levels when consumed.

The major essential fatty acids are linoleic acid, arachidonic acid, and linolenic acid. These fatty acids are essential for the body as they cannot be synthesized and must be obtained from the diet. Linoleic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy skin and hair, regulating metabolism, and supporting the immune system. Arachidonic acid is an omega-6 fatty acid that is important for brain development, inflammation response, and the production of hormones. Linolenic acid is an omega-3 fatty acid that is important for brain function, reducing inflammation, and supporting heart health.

Aging is the phase characterized by decreased nutritional requirements and a highly digestible diet. As individuals age, their metabolic rate decreases and their body's ability to absorb and utilize nutrients becomes less efficient. Therefore, they require fewer calories and nutrients overall, but it is important that the diet is highly digestible to ensure proper absorption and utilization of nutrients.

During pregnancy and lactation, the body undergoes significant physiological changes to support the growth and development of the fetus and the production of milk. These changes increase the overall nutrient demands of the body. The mother's body requires additional nutrients such as protein, calcium, iron, and vitamins to support the growth of the fetus and the production of breast milk. Therefore, the phase characterized by overall increased nutrient demands is pregnancy/lactation.

They are born precocial.

The reverse is true - a weaning animal must adapt to a driver, more varied and less digestible diet.

It is characterized by the shift from primary MUSCLE production to fat production.

The correct answer is NH3+. This is because NH3+ represents the amino group, which consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The other options in the given list do not represent an amino group.

Proteins are responsible for most functions of life. They are involved in various biological processes such as cell structure, enzyme activity, transportation of molecules, and immune response. Proteins are made up of amino acids and have a diverse range of functions in the body. They play a crucial role in maintaining the structure and function of cells and tissues, and are essential for growth, repair, and regulation of the body's systems.

Saturated fatty acids have single bonds, while unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds.

Lignin is a major structural carbohydrate that makes up cell walls and is commonly used in weight reduction diets. It has no nutritional value, meaning it cannot be digested or absorbed by the body. This makes it an ideal ingredient for weight reduction diets as it adds bulk to the diet without adding any calories.

Fat is stored in the body as a chemical called triacylglycerol. Triacylglycerol is a type of lipid that consists of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. It is the primary form in which excess dietary fat is stored in adipose tissue for later use as energy. This storage form allows the body to efficiently store large amounts of energy in a compact and stable form.