Abnormal Psychology Substance Related Disorders

Withdrawal refers to the physical or emotional symptoms that occur when a person reduces or stops using a drug or substance that they have become dependent on. These symptoms can include shaking, irritability, and other discomforts. Substance abuse refers to the excessive and harmful use of drugs or substances. Tolerance refers to the body's decreased response to a drug or substance over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. Therefore, the most appropriate explanation for the given symptoms is withdrawal, as it specifically relates to the experience of physical or emotional symptoms after reducing drug or substance use.

Hallucinogens are considered as "mind altering drugs" because they cause profound changes in perception, thoughts, and feelings. They can induce hallucinations, distortions of time and space, and an altered sense of self. Examples of hallucinogens include LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, and peyote. These substances can produce intense sensory experiences and can profoundly affect one's mood and consciousness. Unlike stimulants, which increase alertness and energy, and barbiturates, which depress the central nervous system, hallucinogens primarily affect perception and cognition.

Tolerance refers to the body's reduced response to a substance after prolonged use, leading to the need for higher doses to achieve the same effect. This can occur with various substances, including drugs and alcohol. When an individual develops tolerance, they may require increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the desired effect, which can be a sign of substance abuse. Tolerance can also lead to withdrawal symptoms if the substance is abruptly discontinued.

Depressants or sedatives cause a generalized depression of the central nervous system (CNS) and slow down responses. They have a relaxing or calming effect on a person. Examples of depressants include anti-anxiety drugs, opiates or narcotics such as morphine, heroin, and codeine, as well as barbiturates or sleeping substances.

Stimulants are drugs that increase alertness, attention, and energy levels. They stimulate the central nervous system and can enhance cognitive function, increase heart rate, and elevate blood pressure. Barbiturates, on the other hand, are depressants that slow down the central nervous system and induce relaxation and sedation. Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that alter perception, mood, and cognitive processes, causing hallucinations and sensory distortions. Therefore, out of the given options, only stimulants can be considered as "Uppers" due to their stimulating effects on the body and mind.

The correct answer is stimulants. Stimulants are substances that stimulate the central nervous system or brain centers, leading to effects such as elation, agitation, and appetite suppression. Examples of stimulants include amphetamines, caffeine, narcotics, cocaine, and crack. LSD is a hallucinogen, not a stimulant, and sedatives have the opposite effect of stimulants as they depress the central nervous system.

The drugs mentioned in the question, marijuana, LSD, and PCP, are all known to have hallucinogenic effects. Hallucinogens are substances that alter one's perception, thoughts, and feelings, often causing hallucinations or a distorted sense of reality. Sedatives, on the other hand, are drugs that depress the central nervous system and promote relaxation and sleep. Stimulants, as the name suggests, increase alertness, attention, and energy. Given that marijuana, LSD, and PCP are commonly recognized as hallucinogens, the correct answer is hallucinogens (mind altering drugs).

The correct answer is Biogenic (Biological Explanations). This is because the given information mentions that there is evidence pointing to genetic factors in the etiology of substance-related disorders, specifically familial alcoholism. It also states that efforts are being made to locate the gene(s) responsible for alcoholism. Therefore, the explanation that biological factors play a role in the development of substance-related disorders is supported by the information provided.

Opium and its derivatives are considered as narcotics because they have psychoactive properties that can induce a sense of euphoria and pain relief. Opium is derived from the opium poppy plant and contains various alkaloids, including morphine and codeine, which are powerful painkillers. These substances can cause sedation, relaxation, and analgesia when consumed. Opium derivatives, such as heroin, are even more potent and addictive. Due to their potential for abuse and harmful effects on the body, opium and its derivatives are classified as narcotics and are regulated substances in many countries.

The psychodynamic (psychoanalytic) and personality explanation suggests that childhood trauma and fixation in the oral stage can contribute to the development of substance-related disorders such as alcoholism. This explanation emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and unresolved issues from childhood in driving individuals to seek oral gratification and satisfy dependency needs through alcohol use. Additionally, certain personality traits such as antisocial personality and depression are seen as contributing factors to substance-related disorders. This explanation is rooted in the psychodynamic theory of personality development and highlights the importance of early experiences and personality factors in understanding the etiology of substance-related disorders.

Depressants are substances that slow down the central nervous system, resulting in sedation and relaxation. Barbiturates and opium are both examples of depressants. Barbiturates are a class of drugs that act as sedatives and hypnotics, while opium is a narcotic derived from the opium poppy plant. Both of these substances are known for their depressant effects on the body and mind. Therefore, the correct answer is depressants.

The long-term effects of alcohol-related disorders include alcoholism, blackouts, and destroyed brain cells leading to cirrhosis. Alcoholism refers to a chronic addiction to alcohol, which can have severe physical, psychological, and social consequences. Blackouts are periods of memory loss that occur due to excessive alcohol consumption, leading to an inability to recall events or actions. Prolonged alcohol abuse can also result in the destruction of brain cells, causing cirrhosis, a condition characterized by liver damage and scarring. These long-term effects highlight the detrimental impact of alcohol-related disorders on both physical and mental health.

The given answer, Substance Dependence, is the most appropriate choice because it accurately describes the situation where someone is unable to cut down or control their use of a substance and engages in excessive activity to obtain it. Substance Dependence refers to a condition where an individual becomes physically and psychologically dependent on a substance, leading to compulsive use and difficulty in quitting or reducing its consumption. This answer aligns with the symptoms and characteristics mentioned in the question.

Amphetamines are known as "Pep Pills" because they are stimulant drugs that increase alertness, attention, and energy levels. They work by increasing the levels of certain chemicals in the brain, such as dopamine and norepinephrine, which can improve focus and reduce fatigue. Amphetamines are commonly used to treat conditions like attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Their stimulating effects make them popular as performance-enhancing drugs or recreational substances. However, they can also have serious side effects and are classified as controlled substances due to their potential for abuse and addiction.

Intoxication refers to the state of being under the influence of drugs or alcohol, which can lead to various maladaptive behaviors. These behaviors may include impaired judgment, poor decision-making, aggression, impulsivity, and other negative consequences. The term "tweeking" is often associated with the use of methamphetamine, which can intensify the effects of intoxication and lead to heightened agitation, paranoia, and erratic behavior. Therefore, the correct answer, "Intoxication," accurately describes the situation where someone displays maladaptive behavior after drug use.

The given options include various classifications of drugs/substances such as stimulants, depressants, barbiturates, opium & its derivatives, hallucinogens, and anti-psychotic drugs. However, "Anti-psychotic Drugs" is not considered a classification of drugs/substances. Anti-psychotic drugs are a specific type of medication used to treat mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. They are not a broad category or classification of drugs like the other options provided.

Detoxification refers to the process of removing abusive substances from the body and maintaining a substance-free state in the long term. It involves eliminating toxins and managing withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification is often the first step in addiction treatment, as it helps individuals cleanse their bodies from harmful substances. It is an essential part of the recovery process, enabling individuals to start their journey towards a healthier and drug-free life.

Barbiturates are considered as "sleeping substances" because they are a class of drugs that act as central nervous system depressants. They are commonly used as sedatives and hypnotics to induce sleep and treat insomnia. Barbiturates work by enhancing the activity of the neurotransmitter GABA, which inhibits brain activity and produces a calming effect. Due to their sedative properties, barbiturates can be used to induce sleep and promote relaxation. However, they can also be highly addictive and have a high potential for abuse, leading to their classification as controlled substances.

The behavior explanation suggests that substance-related disorders, such as drinking, are learned behaviors. In this case, alcohol is seen as a way to reduce anxiety and tension, leading to the development of a drinking habit. This explanation focuses on the environmental and social factors that contribute to the development and maintenance of substance use disorders.

Substance-Induced Cognitive Disorder refers to a condition where the use of certain substances, such as drugs or alcohol, leads to cognitive impairments. These impairments can range from mild to severe and can affect various cognitive functions, including memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. The direct or chronic effects of substances on the Central Nervous System can disrupt the normal functioning of the brain, leading to cognitive deficits. Substance Dependence, on the other hand, refers to a condition where an individual becomes physically and psychologically dependent on a substance, leading to withdrawal symptoms and an inability to control or stop its use.

Dependence involves tolerance and withdrawal. Tolerance refers to the body's need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the desired effect, while withdrawal refers to the unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that occur when the substance is discontinued or reduced. Dependence is a condition where an individual becomes reliant on a substance to function normally and experiences withdrawal symptoms when attempting to quit or reduce its use. This answer accurately describes the characteristics of dependence, making it the correct choice.

The given answer "Substance" is correct because it encompasses any agent that disrupts the psychological or physical balance of an individual beyond what is expected from food and drink. This can include drugs, alcohol, and other substances that are commonly associated with substance-related disorders and substance abuse.

The given correct answer is "Substance Abuse." Substance abuse refers to a maladaptive pattern of excessive use of substances such as drugs or alcohol, which leads to significant impairment or distress in an individual's thinking, feeling, and behavior. This term specifically focuses on the harmful consequences of substance use, rather than the physiological dependence or cognitive impairments associated with substance-induced cognitive disorder or substance dependence.

The correct answer is "Buspar, Xanax among others..." because these medications, Buspar and Xanax, belong to a class of drugs called minor tranquilizers or anti-anxiety drugs. They are commonly prescribed to treat anxiety disorders and help reduce symptoms of anxiety or panic. Other medications may also fall under this category, but Buspar and Xanax are specifically mentioned in the given options.

This answer is correct because it accurately identifies the potential outcomes of drug use. Abuse Disorder refers to a pattern of substance abuse that leads to significant impairment or distress, while Dependency Disorder refers to a more severe form of substance abuse characterized by the inability to stop using the drug despite negative consequences. Both of these conditions indicate a problematic relationship with the drug. Tolerance refers to the body's reduced response to a drug over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect. Withdrawal refers to the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when drug use is discontinued after a period of regular use.

The correct answer is Substance-Related Disorders. This term encompasses a range of maladaptive behaviors associated with substance use, including substance abuse. Substance-Related Disorders include substance dependence, substance abuse, and substance intoxication. These disorders involve the excessive and harmful use of substances such as alcohol, drugs, or medications, leading to significant impairment or distress in various areas of life.

The correct answer is Anti-Psychotic Drugs. This is because the given list of drugs, including Buspar and Xanax, are categorized as Major Tranquilizers, which are commonly known as Anti-Psychotic Drugs. These medications are primarily used to treat psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, helping to alleviate symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

Alcohol is classified as a depressant because it depresses brain centers, leading to a decrease in brain activity. Initially, it may cause feelings of elation and euphoria, but these soon give way to depression. High levels of alcohol in the blood can be dangerous and may even lead to death. People may use alcohol because it temporarily makes them happy, but continued and excessive use of alcohol can have severe and negative effects on a person's physical and mental health.