PD Pharmacology (HOYT)

1. Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid precursor _____ in the ____ of the brain.

Tyrosine; striatum

Tyrosine; substantia nigra

Tyrosine; basal ganglia

Tryptophan; striatum

Tryptophan; substantia nigra

P124 & 127

Explanation

P124 & 127

2. Dopamine normally inhibits inhibitory GABA neurons in the striatum. It does this predominantly due to the activation of which dopamine receptor?

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

P128

Explanation

P128

3. Which form of Parkinson's disease is more prevalent or common?

Primary Parkinson's disease

Secondary Parkinson's disease

Both forms have similar prevalence

P125

Explanation

P125

4. What is the same of the enzyme that converts tyrosine to DOPA?

Dopamine-beta hydroxylase

DOPA decarboxylase

Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

Tyrosine hydroxylase

None of the above

P127

Explanation

P127

5. Which of the following are observed in Parkinson's disease patients, postmortem?

Almost complete loss of dopamine neurons from substantia nigra and the striatum

Neuronal degeneration and depigmentation

Appearance of intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies in dopamine neurons

Two of the above

All of the above

P124

Explanation

P124

6. PDDrug treatment of Parkinson's disease include all of the following strategies EXCEPT:

Remove GABA

Replace dopamine

Mimic action of dopamine

Increase release of dopamine/inhibit NMDA receptor

Antagonize acetylcholine

P129

Explanation

P129

7. The D1 type (D1 and D5) of dopamine receptors are generally _____ and ____ levels of cAMP.

Inhibitory; increase

Inhibitory; decrease

Excitatory; increase

Excitatory; decrease

P126

Explanation

P126

8. Which of the following is NOT a cause for secondary Parkinson's disease?

Drug side effects (e.g. antipsychotics and reserpine)

Viral infections (encephalitis lethargica)

Myocardial infarction

Stroke

Repetitive head trauma

P126

Explanation

P126

9. When symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease is induced in experimental animals, their bodies have similar compensatory responses to the depletion of dopamine as humans do. Which of the following is NOT a compensatory mechanism?

Hyperactivity of the remaining dopaminergic neurons

Increased rate of transmitter turnover

Increase in the number of dopamine receptors - "Denervation hypersensitivity"

Two of the above

None of the above, these are all compensatory mechanisms

10. The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopaminergic input to which of the following structures?

Frontal cortex

Basal ganglia

Nucleus accumbens

Substantia nigra

Striatum

P124

Explanation

P124

11. Inhibitory D2 type (D2, D3, and D4) receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP. What are two other mechanism in which these D2 type receptor inhibit neuronal activity? Check TWO that apply.

Inhibition of potassium channels

Activation of potassium channels

Inhibition of voltage-sensitive calcium channels

Activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels

Activation of sodium channels

P126

Explanation

P126

Submit

12. Dopamine receptors are categorized into two types: D1 and D2. Which of the following are included in the D1 classification? Check ALL that apply.

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

Submit

13. True or False: Dopaminergic neuron degeneration causes a decrease in inhibitory [dopamine] as well as an increase in excitatory [acetylcholine], causing an imbalance of neurotransmission in the basal ganglia.

True

False

P128 -- the imbalance occurs, but ACh is relatively UNAFFECTED. It's just [DA] that decreases.

Explanation

P128 -- the imbalance occurs, but ACh is relatively UNAFFECTED. It's just [DA] that decreases.

Pd Pharmacology (Hoyt)