Pd Pharmacology (hoyt)
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Parkinson's Disease Pharmacology (HOYT)
- 1.The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease results from the loss of dopaminergic input to which of the following structures?
- A.
Frontal cortex
- B.
Basal ganglia
- C.
Nucleus accumbens
- D.
Substantia nigra
- E.
Striatum
- 2.Dopamine is synthesized from the amino acid precursor _____ in the ____ of the brain.
- A.
Tyrosine; striatum
- B.
Tyrosine; substantia nigra
- C.
Tyrosine; basal ganglia
- D.
Tryptophan; striatum
- E.
Tryptophan; substantia nigra
- 3.Which of the following are observed in Parkinson's disease patients, postmortem?
- A.
Almost complete loss of dopamine neurons from substantia nigra and the striatum
- B.
Neuronal degeneration and depigmentation
- C.
Appearance of intracellular inclusions called Lewy bodies in dopamine neurons
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
All of the above
- 4.Which form of Parkinson's disease is more prevalent or common?
- A.
Primary Parkinson's disease
- B.
Secondary Parkinson's disease
- C.
Both forms have similar prevalence
- 5.Which of the following is NOT a cause for secondary Parkinson's disease?
- A.
Drug side effects (e.g. antipsychotics and reserpine)
- B.
Viral infections (encephalitis lethargica)
- C.
Myocardial infarction
- D.
Stroke
- E.
Repetitive head trauma
- 6.When symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease is induced in experimental animals, their bodies have similar compensatory responses to the depletion of dopamine as humans do. Which of the following is NOT a compensatory mechanism?
- A.
Hyperactivity of the remaining dopaminergic neurons
- B.
Increased rate of transmitter turnover
- C.
Increase in the number of dopamine receptors - "Denervation hypersensitivity"
- D.
Two of the above
- E.
None of the above, these are all compensatory mechanisms
- 7.Dopamine receptors are categorized into two types: D1 and D2. Which of the following are included in the D1 classification? Check ALL that apply.
- A.
D1
- B.
D2
- C.
D3
- D.
D4
- E.
D5
- 8.The D1 type (D1 and D5) of dopamine receptors are generally _____ and ____ levels of cAMP.
- A.
Inhibitory; increase
- B.
Inhibitory; decrease
- C.
Excitatory; increase
- D.
Excitatory; decrease
- 9.Inhibitory D2 type (D2, D3, and D4) receptors inhibit adenylyl cyclase, reducing cAMP. What are two other mechanism in which these D2 type receptor inhibit neuronal activity? Check TWO that apply.
- A.
Inhibition of potassium channels
- B.
Activation of potassium channels
- C.
Inhibition of voltage-sensitive calcium channels
- D.
Activation of voltage-sensitive calcium channels
- E.
Activation of sodium channels
- 10.
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What is the same of the enzyme that converts tyrosine to DOPA?- A.
Dopamine-beta hydroxylase
- B.
DOPA decarboxylase
- C.
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
- D.
Tyrosine hydroxylase
- E.
None of the above
- 11.True or False: Dopaminergic neuron degeneration causes a decrease in inhibitory [dopamine] as well as an increase in excitatory [acetylcholine], causing an imbalance of neurotransmission in the basal ganglia.
- A.
True
- B.
False
- 12.Dopamine normally inhibits inhibitory GABA neurons in the striatum. It does this predominantly due to the activation of which dopamine receptor?
- A.
D1
- B.
D2
- C.
D3
- D.
D4
- E.
D5
- 13.PDDrug treatment of Parkinson's disease include all of the following strategies EXCEPT:
- A.
Remove GABA
- B.
Replace dopamine
- C.
Mimic action of dopamine
- D.
Increase release of dopamine/inhibit NMDA receptor
- E.
Antagonize acetylcholine
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