3e451 Volume 3 Plumbing Systems

Continuous dripping of a faucet indicates a bad washer. A washer is a small rubber or silicone seal that is located inside the faucet and helps to create a watertight seal when the faucet is closed. Over time, the washer can become worn or damaged, causing water to leak out of the faucet even when it is turned off. This constant dripping is a clear indication that the washer needs to be replaced in order to stop the leak.

A thermostatic mixing valve is sensitive to both temperature and pressure. It is designed to maintain a constant water temperature by automatically adjusting the hot and cold water flow based on the desired temperature setting. This valve has a temperature-sensitive element that expands or contracts with changes in water temperature, allowing it to regulate the flow of hot and cold water accordingly. Additionally, it also takes into account the pressure of the water supply to ensure a consistent temperature even when there are fluctuations in pressure.

When installing water supply lines on studs, it is recommended to cut holes in the center of the studs. This ensures that the holes are evenly spaced and provides stability to the water supply lines. Cutting holes in the center also helps to prevent any potential damage to the water supply lines caused by contact with the edges of the studs.

To reinforce a structural beam that has been undercut, placing a strap iron brace across the notch and fastening it with lag screws would be the most effective solution. This method provides additional support and stability to the beam, preventing it from weakening or collapsing. The strap iron brace, along with the lag screws, helps distribute the load evenly and reinforces the structural integrity of the beam.

Glycol should be your first choice when protecting fixture traps against freezing because it has a lower freezing point than the other options listed. Glycol is commonly used as an antifreeze solution because it can lower the freezing point of water, preventing it from solidifying and causing damage to pipes and fixtures. Alcohol, glycerin, and calcium chloride may also have some antifreeze properties, but glycol is typically more effective in preventing freezing.

The drain cock with a hose connection at the bottom of a water heater is primarily used to flush sediment out of the heater. Over time, sediment can build up at the bottom of the water heater, which can affect its efficiency and lifespan. By opening the drain cock and attaching a hose, the sediment can be flushed out, ensuring that the water heater continues to function properly.

The building sewer is usually made of plastic pipe because it is a durable and cost-effective option. Plastic pipes are resistant to corrosion, lightweight, and easy to install. They also have a smooth interior surface that helps prevent clogs and improve the flow of wastewater. Additionally, plastic pipes are flexible, which makes them less prone to cracking or breaking under pressure or ground movement. Overall, plastic pipes are a popular choice for building sewers due to their longevity and reliability.

When threading steel pipe with a hand threader, it is important to apply oil to the pipe dies every two or three downward stokes of the die handle. This is necessary to lubricate the dies and prevent them from getting stuck or damaged during the threading process. Applying oil at regular intervals ensures smooth and efficient threading of the steel pipe.

O-ring joints are used to join large underground plastic pipes. O-ring joints provide a tight and secure connection by using a rubber O-ring that is placed between the two pipes. The O-ring creates a seal, preventing any leakage or seepage of fluids. This method of joining is commonly used in plumbing and industrial applications where a reliable and watertight connection is required. The O-ring joints are easy to install and can be disassembled if needed, making them a practical choice for joining large underground plastic pipes.

The correct answer is "Exact position of the opening for each fixture". In the rough-in of fixtures, it is important to determine the exact position of the opening for each fixture. This involves locating where each fixture, such as a sink or toilet, will be installed and marking the position of the opening accordingly. This step is crucial in ensuring that the fixtures are properly aligned and connected to the plumbing system.

The primary purpose of periodic testing of water mains for flow and pressure is to ensure that sufficient water is available for fire fighting. This testing helps to determine if the water system can deliver an adequate amount of water to extinguish fires effectively. By conducting these tests, any issues with the water supply can be identified and addressed to ensure that firefighters have access to the necessary water resources in emergency situations.

Chemical drain cleaners are appropriate when the drains are flowing sluggishly because these cleaners are designed to dissolve and break down the substances that are causing the slow flow. They contain chemicals that can effectively remove debris, hair, or grease buildup, allowing the drains to flow more freely. However, if the drains are completely stopped up or clogged with hair or grease, a chemical drain cleaner may not be sufficient, and it may be necessary to use other methods such as a plunger or calling a professional plumber.

Linseed oil can be used as a substitute for soapy water when leak-testing pipes during freezing weather. It is a natural oil derived from flax seeds and has a thick consistency that can effectively seal any leaks in the pipes. Additionally, linseed oil does not freeze easily, making it a suitable alternative for soapy water in cold temperatures.

The smallest drain used in lavatories is typically 1 1/4 inches. This size is commonly used for sinks and basins in bathrooms. It allows for adequate drainage while still being compact enough to fit in smaller spaces. Larger drains, such as 1 1/2 inches or 2 inches, may be used for other fixtures like bathtubs or showers, which require a higher volume of water to drain. However, for lavatories specifically, the standard size is 1 1/4 inches.

Manholes are typically placed at regular intervals along sewer mains to provide access for maintenance and inspection purposes. The correct answer of 300 to 500 feet suggests that manholes are usually spaced at this distance apart. This range allows for efficient access while ensuring that the distance between manholes is not too long, which could make maintenance and inspection more difficult.

When specifications are not available, the urinal should be installed with the lip height at 20 to 25 inches above the finished floor line. This height ensures that the urinal is accessible and comfortable for users. Installing it too low or too high could cause inconvenience or discomfort for users.

Pressure fittings have a deeper solder pocket compared to copper drain, waste, and vent (DWV) fittings. This means that pressure fittings have a larger space for soldering the joint, allowing for a stronger and more secure connection. On the other hand, DWV fittings have a shorter radius sweep, which helps to maintain the flow of waste and water in drainage systems. However, the main difference between the two is the depth of the solder pocket.

Nonsparking tools are used to remove ice from a manhole cover. This is because manholes often contain flammable gases or substances, and using tools that can create sparks, such as torches or steel and iron tools, can be dangerous and cause explosions. Nonsparking tools are specifically designed to minimize the risk of sparks, making them a safer option for working in potentially hazardous environments like manholes.

Pipes in water systems are tested twice, once after rough-in is completed and once after fixtures are installed. This ensures that the pipes are functioning properly and there are no leaks or issues in the system. Testing after rough-in allows for any necessary adjustments or repairs to be made before the fixtures are installed. Testing after fixtures are installed ensures that the entire system is working correctly and ready for use.

The smallest plastic drain that can accommodate a water closet is 3 inches. This is because the drain needs to be wide enough to handle the waste and water flow from the toilet. A 2-inch drain would be too narrow and could easily become clogged, while a 4 or 6-inch drain would be unnecessarily large and could take up more space. Therefore, a 3-inch drain is the ideal size for a water closet.

When using a lever type tubing bender, you can make angles up to 180 degrees. This means that the tubing can be bent completely back on itself, forming a U-shape. The lever type tubing bender allows for a wide range of angles to be achieved, making it a versatile tool for bending tubing in various applications.

The minimum burial depth for water mains under roads is 3 feet. This depth is necessary to protect the water mains from damage caused by traffic, construction activities, and freezing temperatures. By burying the water mains at this depth, they are less likely to be affected by external factors, ensuring their durability and functionality.

Oil water separators are typically located on utility as-built drawings. These drawings provide detailed information about the utility systems within a building or facility, including the location and layout of equipment such as oil water separators. Utility drawings help in identifying the exact placement of these separators, which are important for separating oil and water in order to prevent pollution and comply with environmental regulations. Therefore, the correct answer is utility.

A thimble is a short piece of pipe with a hub at one end and a straight cut or 45-degree cut on the other end. It is specifically designed to tap into a sewer main.

The correct answer is deep well and split case. Deep well pumps are used to lift water from deep underground sources, such as wells or boreholes. Split case pumps are used for high flow and high-pressure applications, typically in water supply systems. Both types of pumps are commonly used in booster stations to increase the pressure and flow of water in the distribution system.

To achieve the best results when backfilling a trench, it is recommended to backfill in layers of not more than 4 inches and tamp with a mechanical tamper. This method ensures proper compaction of the soil, which helps to prevent settling and potential damage to the trench. Backfilling in smaller layers allows for better control and compaction, while using a mechanical tamper ensures consistent and adequate compaction throughout the trench. This combination of techniques ensures a sturdy and stable backfilled trench.

A common seal trap has a water depth of 2 inches. This means that the water level inside the trap is only 2 inches deep. This shallow water depth is likely designed to prevent the seal from fully submerging itself and escaping from the trap. The low water depth makes it easier for the trapper to handle and capture the seal.

If the water level in a fire hydrant barrel rises after the hydrant is shut off, it indicates that the main valve is leaking. This means that the valve is not closing properly and allowing water to continue flowing even when it should be shut off. The rising water level in the barrel is a clear indication of this leakage.

Building water distribution branch lines are normally installed horizontally with a slight grade toward the shutoff valve. This allows for proper drainage and prevents the buildup of stagnant water in the pipes. Installing the branch lines with a slight grade toward the shutoff valve also ensures that water can be easily shut off in case of emergencies or repairs.

Electric thawers are the best way to thaw a short length of frozen pipe up to 1 1/2 inches in diameter because they are specifically designed for this purpose. Electric thawers provide a controlled and consistent heat source, allowing the pipe to gradually thaw without causing damage. Torches may generate excessive heat and pose a fire hazard, while hot water and rags may not provide enough heat to effectively thaw the pipe. Rubber hose and funnel are not suitable for thawing frozen pipes.

The two most commonly used flushometer valves are the piston and diaphragm valves. These valves are used to control the flow of water in flushometer systems. The piston valve uses a piston mechanism to regulate the water flow, while the diaphragm valve uses a flexible diaphragm to control the flow. Both valves are popular choices due to their reliability and effectiveness in flushing toilets and urinals.

To remove the burr from inside a piece of pipe, it is best to use short, even, clockwise strokes. This motion helps to gradually remove the burr without causing any further damage to the pipe. Short strokes allow for better control and precision, while the clockwise direction helps to ensure that the burr is being shaved off effectively. Using long strokes may result in uneven removal of the burr and could potentially lead to further damage.

AF Form 1027 is the correct answer because it is used to maintain a record of each hydrant and its isolation valve in the Air Force. This form is likely designed specifically for this purpose and includes all the necessary fields and information required to track and document the maintenance of hydrants and isolation valves. The other forms listed (AF Form 996, AF Form 997, and AF Form 998) are not specified to be used for this purpose, so they are not the correct answer.

The correct answer is 50 psi because this is the recommended air pressure for testing piping for leaks. Using a higher pressure ensures that any potential leaks will be detected, as the pressure will force air to escape through even small openings. It is important to test piping for leaks before using it to ensure that it is safe and functioning properly.

A properly installed grease trap in large military or commercial kitchens is necessary to prevent stoppages caused by grease solidification. Grease, when cooled, can solidify and cause blockages in the plumbing system, leading to backups and potential damage. By installing a trap, the grease is intercepted and prevented from entering the plumbing system, reducing the risk of stoppages and maintaining proper drainage.

Oil and water are separated in oil water separators through a combination of physical and chemical processes. The physical process involves the use of gravity to allow the oil and water to separate naturally, with the oil rising to the top and the water settling at the bottom. Additionally, the separator may use physical barriers or filters to further separate the oil and water. The chemical process involves the use of chemicals or additives that help to break down the oil and enhance the separation process. This combination of physical and chemical processes ensures effective separation of oil and water in oil water separators.

A nonadjustable ratchet style hand threader is capable of threading steel pipe sizes ranging from 1/8 to 2 inches in diameter.

The correct answer is 8 inch because the size of the pipe wrench should be approximately four times the diameter of the pipe. Since the pipe is 1/4 inch in diameter, an 8 inch pipe wrench would be suitable for this size of pipe.

The secondary element of a water meter translates the action of the water flow. This means that it is responsible for measuring and recording the amount of water that passes through the meter. The primary element may refer to the main component or mechanism of the water meter, while the tertiary element and head area are not typically associated with the translation of water flow in this context.

When sizing the supply for a building, one of the factors to consider is the type of flush devices. This refers to the fixtures in the building that require water for flushing, such as toilets, urinals, and bidets. Different flush devices have varying water consumption rates, so it is important to take this into account when determining the size of the water supply. By considering the flush devices, the appropriate amount of water can be provided to ensure efficient and effective operation of the fixtures.

When using a torch to thaw frozen pipes near wooden structures, it is important to have a heat shield. This is because a heat shield acts as a barrier between the torch and the wooden structure, preventing direct contact and reducing the risk of fire. It helps to dissipate and redirect the heat away from the wooden structure, ensuring safety during the thawing process.

When tightening bolts on a full circle clamp, it is important to work from the center out. This ensures that the clamp is tightened evenly and prevents any distortion or misalignment. Starting from the center and gradually moving towards the outside distributes the pressure evenly and allows for a secure and balanced tightening. This method helps to maintain the integrity of the clamp and ensures that it functions properly.

Support around the pipe may be required in a no-hub drainage system. This means that additional structural support, such as brackets or hangers, may need to be installed to prevent the pipe from sagging or shifting. Without proper support, the pipe may become misaligned or damaged, leading to leaks or other issues.

Recurring maintenance on a sewer main is performed annually. This means that the maintenance activities, such as cleaning and inspections, are carried out once a year. Performing maintenance on a regular basis helps to prevent blockages, identify any potential issues, and ensure the proper functioning of the sewer main. By conducting these maintenance tasks annually, it allows for timely interventions and reduces the risk of major problems or disruptions in the sewer system.

The drop tube in a water heater is designed to cause the incoming cold water to mix with the stored hot water in the bottom of the tank. This helps to ensure that the water entering the tank is heated efficiently and quickly, as the cold water mixes with the hot water already present in the tank. By mixing the cold and hot water together, the drop tube helps to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the tank and ensure that hot water is readily available for use.

A solenoid valve is used to control the flow of water in many industrial applications, including food grinders. It is an electromechanical device that uses an electric current to open or close a valve, allowing or stopping the flow of water. In the context of an industrial food grinder, a solenoid valve would be connected to a water supply line and controlled by a switch or a control system. When activated, the solenoid valve opens, allowing water to enter the grinder and assist in the grinding process.

The distance between the floor and the drain board in a kitchen sink should be 36 inches. This is the ideal height for comfortable use and to prevent strain on the back and shoulders while working in the sink. It allows for easy access to the drain board and promotes proper posture while standing at the sink.

When a faucet closes with the pressure, it means that the pressure is helping to close the faucet. This makes it easier to operate the faucet because less force is required to close it. Additionally, when the faucet closes with the pressure, it creates a tighter seal, which helps to prevent any leaks or dripping. Therefore, the result of a faucet closing with the pressure is easier operation and a tighter seal.

Horizontal copper tubing should be supported every 6 feet to prevent sagging or damage. This distance ensures that the tubing is adequately supported and can maintain its structural integrity. Supporting the tubing at this interval helps to distribute the weight evenly and prevents excessive strain on any one section.

The correct chlorine dosage and contact time for disinfecting a water main is 50 ppm/24 hours. This means that a concentration of 50 parts per million (ppm) of chlorine should be added to the water main and left in contact with the water for a duration of 24 hours. This dosage and contact time are necessary to effectively disinfect the water and eliminate any potential pathogens or contaminants present in the water main.

The normal working pressure of a gas water heater is 125 psi. This is the standard pressure at which the water heater operates efficiently and safely. Higher pressures can cause damage to the system and may result in leaks or other issues. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the water heater is set to the appropriate pressure to prevent any potential problems.

The correct answer is 1 inch. This size water supply line is required for water closet flushometers. This larger size allows for a higher volume of water to be delivered quickly, which is necessary for the powerful flush that flushometers provide. Smaller sizes, such as 1/2 inch or 3/4 inch, may not be able to deliver enough water to effectively flush the toilet. A larger size, such as 1 1/2 inch, would be excessive and unnecessary for a water closet flushometer.

The correct method of disposal for discarded grease, fats, and oils is to throw them away into the garbage. This is because pouring them down the drain can cause clogs and damage to the plumbing system, while dumping them into an oil/water separator can contaminate the water supply. Dissolving them with chemicals is also not recommended as it can have negative environmental impacts. Therefore, the best and safest option is to dispose of them in the garbage.

Before disinfecting a water main, it is important to flush the main to remove any sediment or debris. This helps to ensure that the disinfectant can reach all areas of the main effectively. After flushing, the main is dosed with the appropriate disinfectant, which kills any bacteria or pathogens present. Once the main has been dosed, it is flushed again to remove any residual disinfectant. Finally, testing is conducted to verify that the disinfection process was successful and that the water is safe for consumption.

The drinking fountain bubbler opening should be located above the drinking fountain rim a minimum of 1 inch. This is to ensure that the water does not splash out of the fountain and cause a mess. By having the opening positioned above the rim, it allows for a controlled flow of water and prevents any potential contamination from the rim or surrounding area.

A grease trap should be installed as close to the fixture as possible, preferably outside the building. This is because grease traps are designed to capture and separate grease and solids from wastewater before it enters the sewer system. By installing the grease trap close to the fixture, it ensures that the wastewater containing grease and solids is intercepted and treated before it can cause blockages or damage to the plumbing system. Installing it outside the building also makes it easier to access and maintain the grease trap.

When installing an individual vent, the vent piping must rise at least 6 inches above the fixture flood rim before it changes direction. This is necessary to ensure proper venting and prevent the backflow of wastewater into the fixture. By rising 6 inches, the vent pipe creates a sufficient air gap to allow for the free flow of air and equalize pressure, maintaining the integrity of the plumbing system.

A dry well is a type of sewage lift station that has separate compartments for the pumps and motors, as well as the wastewater. This design helps to prevent any potential damage to the pumps and motors from the wastewater. The wastewater is collected in one compartment, while the pumps and motors are housed in a separate compartment to ensure their protection and longevity.

Calcium hypochlorite tablets are preferred for disinfecting new water mains because they are simple and easy to use. These tablets contain calcium hypochlorite, which is a strong disinfectant that can effectively kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms in the water. The tablets can be easily added to the water mains, and they dissolve quickly, releasing chlorine into the water to disinfect it. This method is preferred over other options like sodium hypochlorite tablets or powders because it provides a convenient and efficient way to disinfect the water mains.

Tank water closets are preferred over flushometer water closets for residences because they require a smaller size supply. This means that they do not need as much water pressure or flow rate to operate effectively. This can be beneficial for residential buildings where the water supply may not be as strong or consistent as in commercial buildings. Additionally, a smaller size supply can also result in lower water consumption, which is environmentally friendly and can lead to cost savings for homeowners.

To repair a broken sewer main, it is necessary to block off the manhole on the outlet side. This is because the outlet side is the side where the sewage flows out of the sewer main. By blocking off the manhole on the outlet side, it prevents any sewage from flowing out while the repair work is being done. Blocking off the manhole on the inlet side or gravity side would not be effective as sewage would still be able to flow out from the broken sewer main. Blocking off the manhole on the pressure side is also not necessary as there is no pressure involved in the flow of sewage in a gravity-fed sewer system.

A 3/4 inch water supply line is required for urinal flushometers. This size is necessary to provide an adequate amount of water flow to properly flush the urinal. A smaller size, such as 1/2 inch, may not provide enough water flow and could result in incomplete flushing. Larger sizes, such as 1 inch or 1 1/2 inch, are not necessary and would be excessive for a urinal flushometer.

A compression coupling should be used as a temporary repair. Compression couplings are designed to provide a temporary fix for leaks or breaks in pipes. They consist of two halves that are tightened around the damaged area, creating a tight seal and preventing further leakage. This type of clamp is easy to install and can be quickly applied in emergency situations to temporarily stop the flow of water or other fluids.

The ceramic component of the body-unit faucet virtually eliminates maintenance of the faucet under normal operations. Ceramic components are known for their durability and resistance to wear and tear. Unlike other materials, such as rubber or metal, ceramic does not degrade easily and can withstand constant use without needing frequent repairs or replacements. Therefore, by using a ceramic component in the body-unit faucet, the need for maintenance is greatly reduced, making it a reliable and long-lasting option.

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A flushometer-type water closet requires a 1-inch supply size. This size is necessary to provide enough water pressure and flow rate for the flushometer valve to properly function and flush the toilet effectively. A smaller supply size would not provide sufficient water volume and pressure, leading to inadequate flushing performance.

The minimum size plastic waste pipe that can be used on a urinal is 1 1/2 inches. This size is sufficient for the urinal's waste to flow through without any blockages or restrictions. Using a smaller size pipe could result in clogs and inadequate drainage, while using a larger size pipe would be unnecessary and potentially wasteful. Therefore, 1 1/2 inches is the appropriate minimum size for a plastic waste pipe on a urinal.

The minimum sized pipe that can be used for a wet vent is 2 inches. This is because a wet vent is a pipe that serves as both a drain and a vent for multiple fixtures. According to plumbing codes, a wet vent must be at least 2 inches in diameter to ensure proper drainage and venting of waste water. Using a smaller sized pipe could result in clogs and inadequate venting, leading to plumbing issues.

The proper length of time and velocity for flushing a main is 30 minutes/2.5 feet per second. Flushing a main refers to the process of cleaning and removing any debris or sediment from the water distribution system. A longer flushing time of 30 minutes ensures a thorough cleaning of the main, while a velocity of 2.5 feet per second helps to dislodge and remove any accumulated particles. This combination of time and velocity is considered optimal for effective flushing and maintenance of the water distribution system.

The size of the trap used with the pop-up drain tailpiece is 1 1/4 inches.

A domestic food grinder is designed to attach to a drain with a diameter of 1 1/2 inches. This means that the opening of the drain should be 1 1/2 inches in order to properly connect the food grinder.

The stack table is used to determine the size of the stack after the fixture unit values have been totaled. This table provides information on the maximum number of fixture units that can be connected to a stack based on the size of the stack pipe. By referring to the stack table, one can determine the appropriate size of the stack pipe needed to handle the total fixture unit load, ensuring proper drainage and preventing any potential issues or overloading of the plumbing system.

The minimum size water supply for a drench-type emergency shower and eye wash is 1 1/4 inches. This size ensures an adequate flow of water to effectively rinse and flush the eyes and body in case of an emergency. A smaller size may not provide enough water pressure or volume to properly clean and remove any hazardous substances from the affected areas.

When hanging steel pipe, it is recommended to place hangers no further apart than 12 feet. This is because steel pipes can be heavy and placing hangers at larger intervals may cause the pipe to sag or put excessive stress on the hangers. By keeping the hangers closer together, the weight of the pipe is distributed more evenly, ensuring proper support and minimizing the risk of damage or failure.