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1. (015)  Who is initially responsible for reporting an electromagnetic interference (EMI)?

Explanation

The operator is initially responsible for reporting an electromagnetic interference (EMI). This means that it is the operator's duty to identify and report any instances of EMI that they encounter. The other options, Major command (MAJCOM), Frequency manager (FM), and Federal Communications Commission (FCC), may have roles in managing and resolving EMI issues, but the operator is the first point of contact for reporting such incidents.

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About This Quiz
Communication Quizzes & Trivia

This quiz, titled '3D1X3 CDC Volume 1 URE', assesses knowledge on RF transmission, focusing on modulation techniques such as amplitude, frequency, and phase. It is designed for learners in the Air Force, enhancing understanding of signal transmission and modulation for effective long-distance communication.

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2. (023)  System grounds must continually be tested

Explanation

System grounds must be periodically tested to ensure that they are functioning properly. Grounding systems are essential for electrical safety as they provide a path for fault currents to flow, preventing electrical shock hazards and equipment damage. Over time, grounds can deteriorate due to corrosion, moisture, or other factors, leading to an ineffective grounding system. Regular testing allows for the identification and correction of any issues, ensuring the continued safety and reliability of the electrical system.

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3. (013)  Which one of the following statements are true converning shielding?

Explanation

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4. (014)  What is an example of intentionally induced electromagnetic interference (EMI)?

Explanation

Jamming is an example of intentionally induced electromagnetic interference (EMI). Jamming refers to the deliberate transmission of signals to disrupt or interfere with the operation of electronic devices or communication systems. It is often used in military operations to disrupt enemy communications or radar systems. Jamming can cause interference and disrupt the normal functioning of electronic equipment, causing a loss of signal or degraded performance. Spurious responses, intermodulation, and power line noise are examples of unintentional EMI, caused by factors such as faulty equipment, electromagnetic radiation from other sources, or electrical noise in power lines.

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5. (015)  At what level does the Air Force want electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems resolved?

Explanation

The Air Force wants electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems resolved at the level of the affected unit. This means that the responsibility for resolving EMI problems lies with the specific unit that is experiencing the interference. This approach ensures that the unit directly affected by the EMI is responsible for finding a solution and taking appropriate action. It also allows for a more efficient resolution process, as the unit experiencing the interference is likely to have the most knowledge and understanding of the specific situation.

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6. (001)  What are the three general categories used to produce modulation in radio frequency (RF) transmission today?

Explanation

The three general categories used to produce modulation in radio frequency (RF) transmission today are amplitude, frequency, and phase. These categories refer to the different ways in which the RF signal can be modified to carry information. Amplitude modulation (AM) involves varying the amplitude of the RF signal to encode information. Frequency modulation (FM) involves varying the frequency of the RF signal. Phase modulation (PM) involves varying the phase of the RF signal. These modulation techniques are widely used in RF communication systems to transmit and receive information.

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7. (013)  What is the purpose of bonding?

Explanation

The purpose of bonding is to ensure a mechanically strong, low impedance interconnection between metal objects. This helps to create a reliable and efficient electrical pathway between the objects, reducing resistance and preventing the build-up of harmful differences in potential. By providing a secure bond, bonding also helps to minimize the risk of electrical shock and damage caused by electrical faults.

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8. (017)  Which current range on the Fluke 8025A do you select to measure 250 milliamps alternating current (AC)?

Explanation

To measure 250 milliamps alternating current (AC) on the Fluke 8025A, you would select the "Milliamps/amp AC" current range. This range is specifically designed to measure AC current in milliamps and is the most appropriate choice for this particular measurement.

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9. (021)  What test equipment provides a bit error detection system that can determine the received data quality after traveling over a communications link?

Explanation

Bit error rate (BER) is the correct answer because it is a test equipment that provides a bit error detection system. It is used to determine the quality of received data after it has traveled over a communications link. The BER measures the ratio of the number of bits received in error to the total number of bits transmitted, giving an indication of the data transmission performance. The other options, Megger, Multimeter, and Oscilloscope, are not specifically designed for bit error detection and do not provide the same functionality as a BER test equipment.

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10. (005)  A type of pulse modulation (PM) that changes the amplitude of the pulse train to vary according to the amplitude of the input signal is called

Explanation

Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a type of pulse modulation where the amplitude of the pulse train is varied according to the amplitude of the input signal. This means that the height or intensity of the pulses in the pulse train is changed to represent the varying amplitude of the input signal. This allows for the transmission of analog signals over a digital communication system.

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11. (010)  What is used to extend the distance of a fiber optic communication systems link?

Explanation

A repeater is used to extend the distance of a fiber optic communication system's link. A repeater receives the optical signal, amplifies it, and then retransmits it to continue the signal transmission over longer distances. This helps to overcome the signal loss that occurs in fiber optic cables over long distances, ensuring that the signal remains strong and clear throughout the entire communication link.

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12. (016)  Which feature of the Fluke 8025A locks the measurement into the display for viewing and automatically updates the display when you take a new measurement?

Explanation

The touch-hold push button feature of the Fluke 8025A locks the measurement into the display for viewing and automatically updates the display when a new measurement is taken. This feature allows the user to capture and hold a measurement on the screen without it disappearing or changing until the user releases the button. It is a convenient way to freeze the measurement value and ensure accurate readings are easily viewed.

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13. (012)  What initial nuclear radiation elements generate electromagnetic pulses?

Explanation

Gamma rays and neutrons are the initial nuclear radiation elements that generate electromagnetic pulses. Gamma rays are high-energy photons that are emitted during nuclear reactions, while neutrons are neutral subatomic particles that are also released during nuclear reactions. Both gamma rays and neutrons have the ability to generate electromagnetic pulses, which can disrupt electronic devices and systems.

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14. (015)  What Air Force program is used to resolve an electromagnetic interference (EMI) incident?

Explanation

Spectrum interference resolution (SIR) is the correct answer because it is the Air Force program used to resolve an electromagnetic interference (EMI) incident. This program is specifically designed to identify and mitigate any interference that may occur within the electromagnetic spectrum. It focuses on resolving issues related to frequency management and ensuring that the spectrum is effectively utilized without any interference.

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15. (017)  When testing a diode with the 8025A, the leads across a "good" diode produces an "OL" (open) on the display in one direction while reversing the leads produces

Explanation

When testing a diode with the 8025A, if the leads are placed across a "good" diode in one direction, it will produce an "OL" (open) on the display, indicating that the diode is not conducting in this direction. However, when the leads are reversed, a continuous audible tone is produced. This indicates that the diode is conducting in the reverse direction, allowing current to flow through it.

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16. (020)  What area of a digital storage oscilloscope takes digitized samples and performs numberous manipulations on the data including measuring rise and fall times, periods, time intervals, and math computations?

Explanation

The correct answer is microprocessors. In a digital storage oscilloscope, the microprocessors are responsible for taking digitized samples from the input signal and performing various manipulations on the data. This includes measuring rise and fall times, periods, time intervals, and math computations. The microprocessors play a crucial role in processing and analyzing the acquired data to provide accurate measurements and visual representations on the oscilloscope's display.

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17. (022)  Which of these bit rates do you use for a bit error rate test on a 64 Kbps data circuit?

Explanation

The correct answer is 64 Kbps. This is the appropriate bit rate to use for a bit error rate test on a 64 Kbps data circuit. Bit error rate testing is used to measure the number of errors that occur in a data transmission, and it is important to use the same bit rate as the circuit being tested in order to accurately assess the error rate. Therefore, using a bit rate of 64 Kbps for a 64 Kbps data circuit ensures that the test is conducted at the correct speed and provides accurate results.

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18. (001)  What reason for modulation involves modulating low frequency signals for transmission over long distances?

Explanation

Modulating low frequency signals for transmission over long distances improves the ease of radiation. This means that it is easier to transmit the modulated signals over long distances without significant loss or degradation. Modulation allows for the efficient use of the available bandwidth and helps to overcome the limitations of long-distance transmission, such as signal attenuation and interference. By modulating the low frequency signals, they can be easily transmitted and received over long distances, ensuring effective communication.

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19. (002)  If the modulating audio signal is 10kHz wide, what is the bandwidth of the transmitted amplitude modulated signal?

Explanation

The bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal is determined by the sum of the highest frequency in the modulating signal and the highest frequency in the carrier signal. In this case, the modulating audio signal is 10 kHz wide, so the highest frequency in the modulating signal is 10 kHz. Assuming the carrier signal has a frequency of 0 Hz, the bandwidth of the transmitted amplitude modulated signal would be 10 kHz + 0 Hz = 10 kHz. Therefore, the correct answer is 10 kHz, not 20 kHz as stated in the given answer.

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20. (009)  Small current that flows from a photodiode even with no light is called

Explanation

Dark current refers to the small current that flows through a photodiode even in the absence of light. This current is caused by thermal excitation of charge carriers in the photodiode's semiconductor material. The dark current can affect the accuracy and sensitivity of the photodiode's measurements, as it adds to the signal that is generated when light is present. By understanding and compensating for the dark current, the performance of the photodiode can be optimized.

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21. (014)  How can you normally eliminate electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise bursts caused by sodium and mercurt vapor lights that have stopped working while the power is still applied?

Explanation

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22. (033)  What operational capability of the communication service monitor produces sine, square, and triangle waveforms?

Explanation

The operational capability of a communication service monitor that produces sine, square, and triangle waveforms is known as a function generator. A function generator is a device that can generate various types of waveforms with specific frequencies and amplitudes. It is commonly used in testing and troubleshooting electronic circuits and communication systems.

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23. (002)  The bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal is

Explanation

The bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal is two times the modulating signal. This means that the range of frequencies occupied by the modulated signal is twice the range of frequencies present in the original modulating signal. This is because in amplitude modulation, the sidebands are created above and below the carrier frequency, resulting in the doubling of the bandwidth.

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24. (008)  What type of light is emitted from a laser?

Explanation

A laser emits coherent light. Coherent light is light that has a fixed phase relationship between its waves, meaning that all the waves are in sync and have the same frequency and wavelength. This is different from incoherent light, which has waves that are not in sync and have different frequencies and wavelengths. Ordinary light refers to light from sources like the sun or a light bulb, which can be either coherent or incoherent. Invisible light refers to light that is not visible to the human eye, such as ultraviolet or infrared light.

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25. (014)  If the interference can be eliminated by disconnecting the receiving antenna, the source of the disturbance is most likely

Explanation

If disconnecting the receiving antenna eliminates the interference, it suggests that the source of the disturbance is external to the radio. This means that the interference is coming from an external source, such as other electronic devices or environmental factors, rather than being caused by internal issues within the radio itself.

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26. (014)  What type of equipment often generates many spurious emissions?

Explanation

Rapid tuning transmitters often generate many spurious emissions. This is because the rapid tuning process can cause frequency instability and result in unintended emissions at frequencies other than the desired one. Slow tuning receivers and transmitters, on the other hand, are less likely to generate spurious emissions as they have a more stable frequency tuning process.

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27. (027)  A power reading that uses the abbreviation dBm indicates the

Explanation

The abbreviation dBm is commonly used to indicate power levels in a logarithmic scale relative to a 1-milliwatt standard. It represents the ratio of decibels, which is a unit used to express the relative difference between two power levels, in this case, the power level being measured and the 1-milliwatt standard. Therefore, the correct answer is that dBm indicates the ratio of decibels relative to a 1-milliwatt standard.

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28. (007)  What error detection method adds stacked characters, divides it by 255, and disregards the answer except for the remainder?

Explanation

Checksum is an error detection method that adds stacked characters, divides it by 255, and disregards the answer except for the remainder. It is commonly used in data transmission to detect errors that may occur during the transmission process. By comparing the calculated checksum at the receiving end with the transmitted checksum, any errors can be identified.

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29. (008)  Laser diode power coupling is measured in which range

Explanation

Laser diode power coupling is measured in the milliwatt range. This is because laser diodes are typically used in applications that require low to moderate power output. Milliwatts are a suitable unit for measuring the power output of laser diodes as they provide a precise measurement within the appropriate range for these devices. Megawatts, kilowatts, and microwatts are not commonly used to measure laser diode power coupling.

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30. (025)  What component on a protocol analyzer process the frames based on the selected test and user configuration inputs?

Explanation

The central processing unit (CPU) on a protocol analyzer is responsible for processing the frames based on the selected test and user configuration inputs. It is the main component that executes instructions and carries out the necessary calculations and operations to analyze the frames. The CPU performs tasks such as filtering, capturing, decoding, and analyzing network traffic, allowing users to monitor and troubleshoot network protocols effectively.

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31. (014)  What type of electromagnetic interference (EMI) occurs when a receiver responds to off-frequency signals?

Explanation

Spurious responses refer to electromagnetic interference that occurs when a receiver responds to off-frequency signals. This means that the receiver is picking up signals that are not on the intended frequency, leading to interference and potentially affecting the performance of the receiver.

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32. (014)  What man-made noise results from voltage surges, arcing, or corona discharges?

Explanation

Voltage surges, arcing, and corona discharges can generate noise on power lines. These disturbances can cause fluctuations in the electrical current flowing through the power lines, resulting in audible noise. This noise can be heard as crackling, buzzing, or humming sounds. Therefore, the correct answer is "Power line."

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33. (029)  When reading forward power on a wattmeter, what does two right facing arrow head mean?

Explanation

The two right facing arrow heads on a wattmeter indicate that the power being measured exceeds 120 percent of the range. This means that the power being measured is higher than what the wattmeter is designed to handle, potentially indicating an overload or equipment malfunction.

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34. (002)  When the modulating signal and carrier signal are combined within a modulator, the output signal contains a/an

Explanation

When the modulating signal and carrier signal are combined within a modulator, the output signal contains the carrier signal, as well as the upper sideband and lower sideband. The carrier signal is the original unmodulated signal, while the upper and lower sidebands are the result of the modulation process.

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35. (007)  When using vertical redundancy check (VRC), what significance does the amount of ones have in a data bit pattern?

Explanation

The amount of ones in a data bit pattern determines parity. Parity is a form of error checking where an extra bit is added to the data to ensure that the number of ones in the data is always even or odd. This allows the receiver to detect if there has been an error during transmission by checking the parity bit. If the number of ones in the received data does not match the expected parity, then an error has occurred.

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36. (007)  When using forward error control as a method of error correction, where does error correction take place?

Explanation

When using forward error control as a method of error correction, error correction takes place at the receiving end. This means that the errors in the transmitted data are detected and corrected at the destination or receiver of the data. The receiver uses the error control mechanism to identify and fix any errors that may have occurred during transmission, ensuring that the received data is accurate and reliable.

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37. (009)  What photo detector converts one photon to one electron?

Explanation

A positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode is a type of photodetector that converts one photon to one electron. This is because the PIN diode has a wide depletion region, allowing it to absorb more photons and generate a larger current. This makes it more sensitive to low light levels and capable of converting individual photons into individual electrons.

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38. (015)  What is the first step in the Air Force spectrum interference resolution (SIR) program?

Explanation

The first step in the Air Force spectrum interference resolution (SIR) program is to identify the source of the interference. This involves determining the origin or location of the interference signal or source that is causing disruption in the spectrum. Once the source is identified, further steps can be taken to verify, resolve, and report the interference.

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39. (015)  What do you do when you are reasonably sure electromagnetic interference (EMI) exists?

Explanation

When you are reasonably sure electromagnetic interference (EMI) exists, the best course of action is to systematically gather data for analysis. This means collecting relevant information and data about the interference, such as its frequency, intensity, and duration. By doing this, you can better understand the nature and source of the interference, which will help in finding a solution or mitigating its effects. Requesting engineering assistance or contacting the base frequency manager or spectrum interference resolution (SIR) office may be necessary later on, but gathering data for analysis is the first step in addressing EMI.

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40. (018)  How are voltage, time, and depth represented on the oscilloscope display?

Explanation

Voltage is represented on the vertical axis of the oscilloscope display, with higher voltages being displayed higher on the axis. Time is represented on the horizontal axis, with the display showing the progression of time from left to right. Depth, in this context, refers to the intensity or brightness of the waveform being displayed, and it is represented by the intensity of the waveform on the screen.

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41. (011)  Short sections of single fiber cables that has a connector at each end is called a

Explanation

A short section of single fiber cables that has a connector at each end is called a patch cord. A patch cord is used to connect devices or components in a network or telecommunications system. It is often used to connect equipment in a data center or to connect a device to a patch panel. Patch cords are typically used for temporary or semi-permanent connections and can be easily plugged and unplugged. They are available in various lengths and connector types to accommodate different equipment and network configurations.

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42. (032)  What test equipment combines the operations of many test instruments in a single compact unit?

Explanation

A communication service monitor combines the operations of many test instruments in a single compact unit. It is designed to perform a wide range of functions such as measuring voltage, current, impedance, and other parameters. It is commonly used in the telecommunications industry for testing and troubleshooting communication systems.

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43. (002)  If a carrier frequency of 1 MHz and a modulating tone of 10 kHz goes to the modulator, the output signal includes

Explanation

When a carrier frequency of 1 MHz and a modulating tone of 10 kHz are inputted into the modulator, the output signal will include the carrier frequency (1 MHz), the sum of the carrier and modulating frequencies (1.01 MHz), and the difference between the carrier and modulating frequencies (0.99 MHz). This is due to the process of modulation, where the modulating signal is used to vary the amplitude, frequency, or phase of the carrier signal.

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44. (010)  Which repeater amplifies optical signal without converting to and from the electrical domain?

Explanation

Optical amplifiers are devices that amplify optical signals without converting them to electrical signals. They use a process called stimulated emission to amplify the signal by adding energy to it. This allows the signal to travel longer distances without degradation. Repeaters, on the other hand, regenerate electrical signals by converting them to optical signals and then back to electrical signals. Regenerators are similar to repeaters but are used for digital signals. Receivers are devices that receive and convert signals from one form to another, such as from optical to electrical.

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45. (012)  Atmospheric disturbances from initial nuclear radiation on higher frequencies affect comunications by which types of effects?

Explanation

Atmospheric disturbances caused by initial nuclear radiation can affect communications through scintillation. Scintillation refers to the rapid fluctuations in the intensity and phase of electromagnetic waves as they pass through a turbulent medium, such as the atmosphere. These fluctuations can cause signal fading and distortion, leading to disruptions in communication. Absorption refers to the process of energy being absorbed by a medium, attenuation refers to the gradual decrease in signal strength over distance, and blackout refers to a complete loss of communication. However, in the context of the given question, scintillation is the most relevant effect caused by atmospheric disturbances from initial nuclear radiation.

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46. (020)  What type of sampling does a digital storage oscilloscope normally use on single-shot or seldom-occurring signals?

Explanation

A digital storage oscilloscope normally uses real-time sampling on single-shot or seldom-occurring signals. Real-time sampling allows the oscilloscope to capture and display the waveform as it occurs, ensuring accurate representation of the signal. This type of sampling is essential for capturing transient or sporadic signals that may occur infrequently. Sequential sampling would not be suitable as it involves capturing samples in a sequential manner, which may miss important details of the signal. Repetitive sampling is used for repetitive signals, while random sampling is used for random signals.

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47. (006)  If an error should occur, what data transmission is lost in a synchronous transmission?

Explanation

In synchronous transmission, data is transmitted in blocks. Each block consists of multiple characters. If an error occurs during transmission, it means that one or more characters within the block have been corrupted or lost. Therefore, the correct answer is "Block of data" as the entire block of data is lost in case of an error in synchronous transmission.

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48. (012)  A system-generated electromagnetic pulse is a problem for satellites and reentry vehicles that are

Explanation

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49. (002)  Which statement concerning bandwidth is true?

Explanation

Overmodulating refers to the process of increasing the amplitude of a signal beyond its normal limits. This causes the signal to produce harmonics, which are additional frequencies that are multiples of the original signal frequency. These harmonics increase the overall bandwidth of the signal. Therefore, overmodulating increases bandwidth due to the production of harmonics.

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50. (003)  In frequency modulation (FM), what is considered a significant sideband?

Explanation

In frequency modulation (FM), significant sidebands are considered to be those that contain at least 1 percent of the total transmitted power. This means that the sidebands must have a substantial amount of power in order to be considered significant in FM modulation.

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51. (008)  Light sources that are applicable to fiber optic waveguide are light-emitting diodes (LED) and

Explanation

Semiconductor laser diodes are applicable to fiber optic waveguides because they emit a highly focused and coherent beam of light. This makes them ideal for transmitting signals over long distances through optical fibers. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are also used in fiber optic communication, but they have a broader beam and are typically used for shorter distances or in applications where cost is a consideration. Photo transistors, hybrid photodiodes, and integrated photodiode/preamplifiers are not light sources, but rather light detectors used to receive signals in fiber optic communication systems.

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52. (015)  Which Air Force service provides on-site direction finding and interference problem analysis?

Explanation

The Quick Fix Interference Reduction Capability is the Air Force service that provides on-site direction finding and interference problem analysis. This program is specifically designed to identify and resolve issues related to interference in communication systems. It offers on-site support and expertise in direction finding and problem analysis to ensure reliable and efficient communication for the Air Force.

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53. (015)  What program addresses persistent and recurring interferences problems in joint operations?

Explanation

Joint Spectrum Interference Resolution (SIR) is the correct answer because it specifically addresses persistent and recurring interference problems in joint operations. It is a program designed to identify and resolve spectrum interference issues that can affect communication and coordination between different military units operating in the same frequency bands. By using advanced technology and techniques, Joint SIR aims to minimize the impact of interference on joint operations, ensuring reliable and uninterrupted communication among the participating forces.

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54. (018)  Which mode of triggering an oscilloscope causes a trace to be drawn on the screen at all times, whether there is an input signal or not?

Explanation

The correct answer is Auto. In Auto mode, the oscilloscope continuously triggers and displays the waveform, even if there is no input signal. This mode is useful for monitoring the instrument's performance or checking for any noise or interference in the absence of a signal.

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55. (002)  The amount of effect or change that the intelligence has on the carrier in an amplitude modulated signal is expressed as the

Explanation

The amount of effect or change that the intelligence has on the carrier in an amplitude modulated signal is expressed as the percent of modulation. This term refers to the percentage of variation in the amplitude of the carrier signal caused by the modulation. It indicates the strength or intensity of the modulation and is commonly used to measure the quality or fidelity of the modulated signal.

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56. (004)  What is the advantage of adding more phase shifts?

Explanation

Adding more phase shifts allows for a higher number of distinct symbols to be transmitted, which in turn allows for a higher data rate within a given bandwidth. This is because each symbol represents a certain number of bits, and by increasing the number of symbols, more bits can be transmitted per unit of time. Therefore, the advantage of adding more phase shifts is higher data rates within a given bandwidth.

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57. (008)  What does an optical source do?

Explanation

An optical source is responsible for converting electrical energy into optical energy. This means that it takes electrical signals and transforms them into light signals that can be transmitted through optical fibers. This conversion is necessary in order to transmit data over long distances using fiber optic cables, as electrical signals cannot travel as far without significant loss of signal integrity. Therefore, an optical source plays a crucial role in enabling the transmission of data through fiber optic networks.

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58. (009)  A device that accepts optical signals from an optical fiber and converts them into electrical signals is called an optical

Explanation

An optical receiver is a device that accepts optical signals from an optical fiber and converts them into electrical signals. It is used in optical communication systems to receive and decode the transmitted information. The receiver plays a crucial role in the communication process by converting the optical signals back into electrical signals that can be processed and interpreted by electronic devices.

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59. (009)  The responsivity of a photo detector is dependent on the

Explanation

The responsivity of a photo detector refers to its ability to convert light energy into an electrical signal. This responsivity is dependent on the wavelength of the light being detected. Different photo detectors are designed to be sensitive to specific ranges of wavelengths, and their responsivity will vary accordingly. Therefore, the correct answer is "wavelength of light."

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60. (011)  Which fiber-optic connector uses a quick-release, keyed bayonet couplings that are preferred in situations where severe vibrations are not expected?

Explanation

The Straight tip (ST) fiber-optic connector uses quick-release, keyed bayonet couplings that are preferred in situations where severe vibrations are not expected. This type of connector provides a secure and reliable connection while allowing for easy installation and removal. The bayonet coupling ensures a tight and stable connection, making it suitable for applications where vibrations could potentially disrupt the connection.

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61. (020)  In acquiring a 4K record length on a digital storage oscilloscope, how many samples can you view at one time?

Explanation

In a digital storage oscilloscope, the record length refers to the number of samples that can be stored and displayed at one time. In this case, the record length is 4K, which means it can store 4,000 samples. However, the question asks how many samples can be viewed at one time, not stored. Therefore, the correct answer is 1,000, as only a portion of the 4K samples can be displayed on the screen at any given time.

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62. (024)  The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) have recommended a ground resistance value of

Explanation

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) recommends a ground resistance value of 5 ohms or less. This is because a low ground resistance helps to ensure the safe and efficient operation of electrical systems. A high ground resistance can lead to increased electrical noise, voltage fluctuations, and potential safety hazards. Therefore, it is important to maintain a low ground resistance to minimize these risks and ensure the proper functioning of electrical equipment.

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63. (025)  What active test is selected to see the path that the packets are traveling and the time it takes the packets to compete the trip?

Explanation

Trace Route is the correct answer because it is an active test that allows the user to see the path that packets are taking and the time it takes for them to complete the trip. This tool sends out packets with increasing time-to-live (TTL) values, and each router along the path sends back an ICMP Time Exceeded message. By analyzing these messages, the user can determine the exact path that packets are taking and the time it takes for them to reach their destination. PING, Traffic Generator, and Route Generator are not specifically designed for this purpose.

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64. (028)  During what operation is the radio frequency blanking output used on the HP 436A power meter?

Explanation

The radio frequency blanking output is used during the automatic zeroing operation on the HP 436A power meter. This means that when the power meter is performing the automatic zeroing procedure, the radio frequency blanking output is utilized.

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65. (029)  The two switches on the front panel of the wattmeter is to correstpond to the

Explanation

The two switches on the front panel of the wattmeter are used to correspond to the power range of the forward element. This means that the switches allow the wattmeter to accurately measure and display the power being consumed or generated by the device or circuit under test. By selecting the appropriate power range, the wattmeter can provide accurate readings for a wide range of power levels, ensuring that the measurements are reliable and useful.

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66. (005)  What is the first step in the pulse code modulation (PCM) process?

Explanation

The first step in the pulse code modulation (PCM) process is to band-limit the analog signal.

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67. (005)  What part of the pulse code modulation (PCM) process converts a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal?

Explanation

The correct answer is Sampling. In pulse code modulation (PCM), the continuous time signal is converted into a discrete time signal through the process of sampling. Sampling involves taking periodic samples of the continuous signal at specific intervals, resulting in a series of discrete values that represent the original signal. This allows for the digital representation and transmission of the signal. Rectifying, oscillating, and band limiting are not directly involved in the conversion of continuous time to discrete time in PCM.

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68. (003)  What is the formula to find the modulating index?

Explanation

The formula to find the modulating index is deviation divided by the frequency of modulation. This formula is used to calculate the extent of modulation in a signal. The modulating index represents the ratio of the maximum deviation of the carrier wave to the frequency of the modulating signal. It helps determine the bandwidth and efficiency of the modulation process.

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69. (007)  What error-correction technique sends a retransmittal request by the receiver to the sender if it finds an error in a received frame?

Explanation

Automatic retransmit on request is the error-correction technique that sends a retransmittal request by the receiver to the sender if it finds an error in a received frame. This technique allows the receiver to notify the sender about the error and request a retransmission of the frame to ensure accurate data transfer.

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70. (019)  Which probe does not need to actually make contact with the circuit under test?

Explanation

A current probe does not need to make physical contact with the circuit under test because it uses magnetic fields to measure the current flowing through a conductor. It is designed to be clamped around the conductor without the need for direct electrical contact. This makes it useful for measuring high currents or in situations where it may be difficult or unsafe to make direct contact with the circuit.

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71. (029)  What feature is useful for making adjustments to optimize any of the parameters which the wattmeter measures?

Explanation

The feature that is useful for making adjustments to optimize any of the parameters which the wattmeter measures is the peaking aid. This feature helps in fine-tuning the measurements and optimizing the parameters to achieve the most accurate readings. It assists in adjusting and optimizing the wattmeter to ensure optimal performance and accuracy in measuring power.

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72. (015)  Who is tasked to provide interference resolution support to the unified commanders?

Explanation

The correct answer is Joint Spectrum Center (JSC). The JSC is responsible for providing interference resolution support to the unified commanders. They ensure that the electromagnetic spectrum is effectively managed and used by the military forces. They coordinate with other agencies and organizations to resolve any interference issues and ensure that the communication and electronic systems of the military are not disrupted.

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73. (002)  Reducing modulation to less than 100 percent gives

Explanation

When modulation is reduced to less than 100 percent, it means that the amplitude of the carrier signal is not fully varied by the modulating signal. In this case, the carrier power remains constant and is not reduced. The reduction in modulation only affects the amplitude of the sidebands, which carry the modulating signal information. Therefore, the correct answer is that there is no reduction in carrier power.

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74. (009)  What are the two main types of photodetectors?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Positive intrinsic negative and avalanche photodiode." These are the two main types of photodetectors. A positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode is a type of photodiode that operates based on the principle of the internal photoelectric effect, where incident light generates electron-hole pairs in the intrinsic region of the diode. An avalanche photodiode (APD) is a type of photodiode that operates based on the principle of avalanche multiplication, where electron-hole pairs are generated by incident light and then multiplied through impact ionization.

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75. (013)  Which types of filters are always used in combination with surge arresters?

Explanation

Surge arresters are used to protect electrical systems from voltage surges or transients. Linear filters are often used in combination with surge arresters to further reduce and filter out any high-frequency noise or harmonics that may be present in the power system. This helps to ensure a clean and stable power supply to the connected equipment. Therefore, linear filters are always used in combination with surge arresters.

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76. (030)  Which measurements are not made with a spectrum analyzer?

Explanation

A spectrum analyzer is a device used to measure the amplitude of signals across a range of frequencies. It is commonly used for analyzing the frequency content of signals, identifying signal interference, and measuring signal strength. However, it is not designed to directly measure peak-peak voltage, which is a measure of the difference between the maximum and minimum voltage levels of a signal. Peak-peak voltage is typically measured using an oscilloscope, which is specifically designed for visualizing and measuring voltage waveforms. Therefore, peak-peak voltage is not measured with a spectrum analyzer.

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77. (003)  In frequency modulation (FM), the amount of oscillator frequency change is

Explanation

In frequency modulation (FM), the amount of oscillator frequency change is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This means that as the amplitude of the modulating signal increases, the frequency deviation of the carrier signal also increases. This relationship allows for the encoding of information in the form of variations in frequency, which is the basis of FM modulation.

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78. (004)  In phase modulation (PM), the carrier's

Explanation

In phase modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal is shifted at the rate of the modulating signal. This means that the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is changed according to the variations in the modulating signal. The amount of phase shift is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This allows for the encoding of information in the phase of the carrier signal, making phase modulation a useful technique in communication systems.

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79. (012)  High-altitude electromagnetic pulse is what type of frequency phenomenon, and involces which frequency range?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Wideband; 1 hertz to 1 gigahertz." This means that high-altitude electromagnetic pulse is a wideband phenomenon that involves frequencies ranging from 1 hertz to 1 gigahertz.

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80. (020)  Sampled data points are stored in the memory of a digital storage oscilloscope as

Explanation

In a digital storage oscilloscope, sampled data points are stored as waveform points in the memory. This means that the values of the waveform at different time intervals are stored as individual points in the memory. This allows for accurate representation and analysis of the waveform. Sequential records, record lengths, and record points are not the correct terms to describe how the data is stored in a digital storage oscilloscope.

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81. (020)  In real-time sampling, what type of interpolation is used when measuring pulse waves?

Explanation

In real-time sampling, linear interpolation is used when measuring pulse waves. Linear interpolation involves estimating values between two known data points by creating a straight line between them. This method is commonly used in digital signal processing to fill in missing data points and provide a smoother representation of the waveform.

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82. (021)  What pattern synchronizer and error counter section of the bit error rate test set internally generates its own pattern to compare with the received data from the data/clock receivers?

Explanation

The correct answer is Pseudo random noise (PRN) synchronizer/comparator. The PRN synchronizer/comparator section of the bit error rate test set generates its own pseudo random noise pattern internally. This pattern is then compared with the received data from the data/clock receivers to check for errors.

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83. (032)  What function is not part of the communication service monitor?

Explanation

The function that is not part of the communication service monitor is the analog multimeter. A communication service monitor is a device used to test and monitor communication systems and typically includes functions such as a radio frequency generator, oscilloscope, and receiver. An analog multimeter, on the other hand, is a separate device used to measure electrical quantities such as voltage, current, and resistance.

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84. (025)  What protocol analyzer test window provides information concerning the network utilization and frame error that are related to a specific protocol?

Explanation

The protocol statistics test window provides information about network utilization and frame errors related to a specific protocol. This window allows users to analyze the performance and efficiency of the protocol being used in the network. It provides insights into the amount of data being transmitted, the number of errors occurring, and the overall performance of the protocol. By analyzing this information, network administrators can identify any issues or bottlenecks in the network and take appropriate actions to optimize its performance.

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85. (029)  Plug-in elements of the wattmeter are selected based on the

Explanation

The plug-in elements of the wattmeter are chosen based on the frequency and power that need to be measured. This means that the wattmeter needs to be able to accurately measure the specific frequency and power levels of the circuit or device it is being used on.

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86. (025)  What protocol analyzer test window reports errors that occur at the physical layer such as bad frame check sequence (FCS), short frames, and jabbers?

Explanation

The correct answer is Media access control (MAC) node statistics. This is because the MAC layer is responsible for controlling access to the physical medium and ensuring that data is transmitted correctly. The MAC node statistics window in a protocol analyzer would report errors that occur at the physical layer, such as bad frame check sequence (FCS), short frames, and jabbers. This window would provide information on the performance and errors related to the MAC layer of the network.

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87. (007)  What two error detection methods, when used together, are 98 perfent effective in detecting errors?

Explanation

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88. (012)  Which distinct region of the source region electromagnetic pulse is produced by the interactions between the weapon products and the earth's atmosphere?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Source." In the context of the question, the source region refers to the area where the electromagnetic pulse is initially produced. This region is distinct from the other options provided (secondary, radiated, and plasma) which are not directly related to the interactions between the weapon products and the earth's atmosphere.

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89. (020)  What digital storage oscilloscope circuit compensates for high sampling rates of high frequency signals?

Explanation

A charged coupled device (CCD) is a type of image sensor that is commonly used in digital storage oscilloscopes. It is designed to convert the analog signal from the input into a digital signal that can be stored and processed. CCDs are capable of high-speed sampling rates, making them suitable for capturing high frequency signals. They compensate for the high sampling rates by quickly converting the analog signal into a digital format, allowing for accurate storage and analysis of the signal.

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90. (022)  On the bit error rate test (BER) set, the 25-pin connector are designed to operate with data modems to

Explanation

The 25-pin connector is designed to serve two purposes: simplifying the connection of test equipment to the modem under test and carrying the necessary signaling and handshake signals for modem operations. This means that the connector not only facilitates the physical connection between the test equipment and the modem, but also allows for the exchange of signals required for the proper functioning of the modem during testing.

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91. (011)  Which fiber optic connector uses a push-pull engagement for mating?

Explanation

The Subscriber (SC) fiber optic connector uses a push-pull engagement for mating. This means that the connector can be easily inserted and removed from the port by simply pushing and pulling it. This type of engagement is commonly used in SC connectors to ensure a secure and reliable connection between the fiber optic cables.

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92. (021)  What pattern simulator section of the bit error rate test set accepts a 480bit parallel word and generates a serial pattern?

Explanation

The correct answer is 480bit transmitter only. This is because the pattern simulator section of the bit error rate test set accepts a 480bit parallel word and generates a serial pattern. The other options mentioned, such as the pseudo random noise (PRN) generator, PRN comparator, and the 48-bit register and 8-bit word display, do not match the requirements of accepting a 480bit parallel word and generating a serial pattern.

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93. (031)  Which are the correct four classes of electronic counters?

Explanation

The correct answer is "Frequency counters, universal counters, microwave counters, and reciprocal counters." These four classes of electronic counters are commonly used in various applications. Frequency counters are used to measure the frequency of a signal, while universal counters can measure frequency, period, time interval, and other parameters. Microwave counters are specifically designed to measure microwave frequencies, and reciprocal counters can measure both time and frequency.

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94. (020)  Which are the three types of digital storage oscilloscope acquisition modes, and which is the standard operating mode?

Explanation

The three types of digital storage oscilloscope acquisition modes are sample, peak detect, and averaging. The standard operating mode is sample.

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95. (021)  What pattern simulator section of the bit error rate test set converts the non-return zero-level (NRZ-L) data into the desired coding, such as non-return zero-mark (NRZ-M)?

Explanation

The pattern simulator section of the bit error rate test set is responsible for converting the non-return zero-level (NRZ-L) data into the desired coding, such as non-return zero-mark (NRZ-M). The correct answer, "Code converter," refers to the component within the pattern simulator section that performs this conversion. It takes the NRZ-L data and converts it into the desired NRZ-M coding.

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96. (024)  A known current is generated by the earth ground tester between the earth ground electrode and the

Explanation

The correct answer is auxiliary current probe. An earth ground tester generates a known current between the earth ground electrode and the grounding point. The auxiliary current probe is used to measure this current.

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97. (012)  How does scintillation effect communications?

Explanation

The scintillation effect on communications is caused by the fading of the transmitted signal due to multiple path propagation through the structured plasma field. This means that the signal is being affected by the variation in the plasma density along the transmission path, resulting in fluctuations in the received signal strength. This can lead to a decrease in the signal-to-noise ratio, making it difficult for the receiver to distinguish the signal from the background noise.

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98. (012)  What electromagnetic pulse region is the principal threat to electronic systems by cable?

Explanation

The principal threat to electronic systems by cable is in the radiated electromagnetic pulse region. This means that the electromagnetic pulse is transmitted through the air and can induce currents and voltages in nearby cables, causing damage to electronic systems.

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99. (026)  Which one of these is not an application of a radio frequency (RF) generator?

Explanation

Troubleshooting receivers is not an application of a radio frequency (RF) generator. RF generators are commonly used for verifying transmitter frequencies, checking antenna systems, and aligning telemetry receivers. However, troubleshooting receivers typically involves identifying and resolving issues with the receiver's components or circuitry, rather than generating RF signals.

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100. (024)  Where is voltage potential measured in the fall of potential ground testing method?

Explanation

In the fall of potential ground testing method, voltage potential is measured between the auxiliary potential electrode and the earth ground electrode. This method involves driving a current into the ground using the auxiliary current electrode and measuring the voltage drop between the potential electrode and the earth ground electrode. This measurement helps to determine the resistance of the grounding system and ensure that it is functioning properly.

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(021)  What pattern simulator section of the bit error rate test...
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(024)  Where is voltage potential measured in the fall of...
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