10th Grade Semester Test

The correct answer is "conquistadors." Conquistadors were the men who led expeditions to conquer Mexico and Central America. They were Spanish conquerors who sought to expand Spanish territories and gain wealth and power through exploration and conquest. These individuals played a significant role in the colonization and European domination of the Americas during the Age of Discovery. They were known for their military prowess, brutality, and exploitation of indigenous peoples and resources.

The Maryland Toleration Act granted religious toleration to all Christians in Maryland. This act, passed in 1649, was the first law in colonial America that protected religious freedom. It was enacted to ensure that all Christians, regardless of their denomination, could practice their faith without fear of persecution. The act was a significant step towards religious freedom and tolerance in the early American colonies.

Back country farmers practiced subsistence farming, which involves growing only enough crops to sustain their own families. This type of farming is characterized by small-scale agriculture and a focus on self-sufficiency rather than producing crops for sale or profit. Rotation farming refers to the practice of rotating crops to maintain soil fertility, while plantation farming involves large-scale agricultural operations for cash crops. Commercialism refers to the pursuit of profit through the sale of goods or services.

Privateers were privately owned ships that were authorized by the government to attack ships of other countries. They were essentially legalized pirates, operating under a letter of marque or a similar license. These licenses allowed privateers to engage in acts of piracy against enemy vessels during times of war. Privateers played a significant role in naval warfare, particularly during the Age of Sail, as they provided a way for governments to supplement their naval forces and disrupt enemy trade.

Tobacco was one of the cash crops grown in Virginia. Cash crops are crops that are grown specifically for sale rather than for personal use. Virginia was one of the first English colonies in North America, and tobacco became a major cash crop for the colonists. It was highly profitable and in high demand in Europe. The cultivation of tobacco in Virginia played a significant role in the economic development of the colony and later the state.

The correct answer is Lord Baltimore. The question asks about the person responsible for the creation of the colony of Maryland, and the correct answer is Lord Baltimore. George Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore, was granted a charter by King Charles I in 1632 to establish the colony. He had a vision of creating a haven for English Catholics in the New World, and Maryland became a refuge for religious freedom and tolerance.

In 1675, Wampanoag warriors attacked the town of Swansea, which marked the beginning of King Phillip's War. This war was a conflict between Native American tribes, led by Metacomet (also known as King Phillip), and English colonists in New England. The war resulted from tensions over land and resources, as well as cultural and political differences. The Wampanoag warriors' attack on Swansea was one of the first major acts of aggression in the war, making King Phillip's War the correct answer.

Slave codes were a set of laws that were specifically designed to regulate and control the institution of slavery. These laws defined the legal status and rights of enslaved Africans, as well as the relationship between enslaved individuals and free people. Slave codes were implemented in various American colonies and states during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, and they aimed to maintain the power and control of slave owners while further oppressing and dehumanizing enslaved individuals. These codes restricted the movement, education, and assembly of enslaved people, and they also enforced harsh punishments for any attempts at rebellion or escape.

Jacques Cartier is the correct answer because he was a French explorer who is credited with discovering and mapping the St. Lawrence River. He made three voyages to North America between 1534 and 1542, during which he explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and sailed up the St. Lawrence River, reaching as far as present-day Montreal. Cartier's exploration and mapping of the St. Lawrence River were significant contributions to the French colonization of Canada.

The Dutch named their major settlement located on Manhattan Island "New Amsterdam." This name was given by the Dutch when they colonized the area in the 17th century. It was later renamed "New York" when the British took control of the colony in 1664.

The correct answer is 4 because the Middle Colonies refer to a group of four colonies in the American colonial period, namely New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. These colonies were located in the middle region of the 13 British colonies in North America.

The gentry were at the top of the social ladder in the Southern colonies. They were wealthy landowners who held positions of power and influence in society. They typically owned large plantations and had a high social status. The gentry controlled the economy and politics of the Southern colonies, and their wealth allowed them to live a life of luxury and privilege. They were considered the elite class and were highly respected and admired by others in society.

Prior to Africans, planters used indentured servants as a form of labor. Indentured servants were individuals who agreed to work for a specific period of time, usually around 7 years, in exchange for passage to the New World. They were often poor Europeans seeking a better life and were bound by a contract or indenture. This system allowed planters to have a cheap and temporary labor force to work on their plantations.

Eliza Lucas is the correct answer because she was the one who popularized a method of growing indigo. She was a colonial-era plantation owner in South Carolina who successfully cultivated indigo as a cash crop in the early 18th century. Her efforts helped establish indigo as a profitable crop in the region and contributed to the economic success of the British colonies.

Anne Hutchinson and a few followers settled on an island, later called Rhode Island, and founded the town of Portsmouth. This settlement was one of the early English settlements in the American colonies and was established as a haven for religious freedom.

Virginia is the correct answer because it was one of the original 13 colonies and had a predominantly agricultural economy. The colony relied heavily on the cultivation of tobacco, which became its main cash crop. The fertile soil and favorable climate in Virginia allowed for successful agricultural production, making it a significant contributor to the colony's economy. Additionally, Virginia's economy was also supported by the labor of enslaved Africans who worked on plantations, further emphasizing the agricultural foundation of the colony.

Squanto is the correct answer because he was a Native American from the Patuxet tribe who played a crucial role in helping the Pilgrims survive in the New World. He taught them various farming techniques, including how to cultivate corn, beans, and pumpkins. Squanto also acted as a translator and mediator between the Pilgrims and other Native American tribes, facilitating peaceful relations and trade. His knowledge and assistance were instrumental in the Pilgrims' successful establishment of Plymouth Colony.

The correct answer is the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. This was the first written constitution in the American colonies, established in 1639. It outlined the structure of government in Connecticut and granted certain rights and powers to the people. It served as a model for future constitutions in the United States and is considered a significant step towards the development of democratic principles in the country.

In the 1500s, England's land was primarily divided into large estates. These estates were owned by wealthy individuals or families who controlled and managed the land. The term "estates" refers to large tracts of land that were often used for agricultural purposes and were the basis of the feudal system in England. The division of land into estates allowed for a hierarchical structure in society, with the landowners at the top and the peasants or tenants working the land. This system played a significant role in shaping the social and economic landscape of England during this time period.

James Oglethorpe is the correct answer for the person responsible for founding the colony of Georgia. Oglethorpe was a British philanthropist and soldier who founded the colony in 1733 as a haven for debtors and a buffer between the British colonies and Spanish Florida. He was instrumental in establishing the colony's government, layout, and policies, including a ban on slavery. Oglethorpe's leadership and vision played a significant role in the early development and success of Georgia as a British colony.

Delaware is the correct answer because it was not one of the original Southern colonies. Virginia, Maryland, and Georgia were all Southern colonies established during the colonial period. Delaware, on the other hand, was originally settled by the Dutch and later became a part of the Middle Colonies.

Pennsylvania was called the "Holy Experiment" because it was founded by William Penn as a place where people of different religious backgrounds could live together in harmony and practice their faith freely. Penn envisioned Pennsylvania as a haven for religious tolerance and equality, attracting settlers from various religious groups such as Quakers, Mennonites, and Baptists. This emphasis on religious freedom and coexistence earned Pennsylvania the nickname "Holy Experiment" as it aimed to create a society based on principles of peace, justice, and religious liberty.

The given pattern is a list of states in alphabetical order. Each state starts with the letter that comes after the last letter of the previous state. Following this pattern, the next state after Pennsylvania (ending with "a") would start with the letter "d", and the only option that matches this is Delaware.

Roger Williams, a strict Separatist, founded the town of Providence. This is evident from historical records that show Roger Williams establishing Providence in 1636 as a refuge for religious freedom and separation from the Church of England. Williams believed in the complete separation of church and state, which was not accepted in other settlements like Boston. Therefore, Providence was the town founded by Roger Williams in accordance with his beliefs and principles.

There are five Southern colonies.

The correct answer is New York because New York was not one of the original New England colonies. The New England colonies were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. New York was actually one of the Middle Colonies.

William Penn built Philadelphia, the capital of Pennsylvania, on land ceded by the Lenni Lenape. The Lenni Lenape, also known as the Delaware Indians, were the original inhabitants of the region. They were a Native American tribe who lived in the Delaware Valley and had a peaceful relationship with William Penn. Penn negotiated with the Lenni Lenape and purchased land from them, establishing the city of Philadelphia in 1682. This agreement and cooperation between Penn and the Lenni Lenape played a significant role in the founding and development of Philadelphia.

The phrase "city upon a hill" was famously used by John Winthrop, the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, in a sermon he delivered in 1630. He described the colony as a model Christian community that would serve as an example to the world. This phrase has since become synonymous with the idea of American exceptionalism and the belief that America has a special role to play in the world. Therefore, Massachusetts is the correct answer as it was the colony that was supposed to be a "city upon a hill."

The term "heretic" refers to a person whose religious beliefs or practices deviate from the accepted teachings of a particular religion or religious institution. In this context, the person's religion differs from those accepted, suggesting that they hold beliefs that are considered unorthodox or contrary to the established doctrines. The term "outsider" generally refers to someone who is not part of a particular group or community, but it does not specifically imply a difference in religious beliefs. "Protestant" refers to a specific branch of Christianity, and "Pilgrim" refers to a person who undertakes a religious journey or pilgrimage.

The economy of the New England colonies was based on whaling. Whaling was a major industry in this region during the colonial period, providing employment and economic opportunities. Whales were hunted for their oil, which was used for lighting and lubrication, as well as their bones and baleen, which were used in various industries. Whaling brought wealth and prosperity to the New England colonies, contributing to their economic growth and development.

Planters were mainly concentrated in the tide water region. This region refers to the low-lying coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard, characterized by fertile soil and a humid climate. The planters in this region were primarily engaged in agriculture, particularly the cultivation of cash crops such as tobacco and rice. The tide water region provided favorable conditions for plantation farming, making it an ideal location for planters to settle and establish their plantations.