Mock Exam Images

Rheumatic mitral stenosis is the narrowing of the mitral valve due to scarring from rheumatic fever. This condition is commonly associated with a history of rheumatic fever and presents with symptoms like shortness of breath and fatigue. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic condition characterized by abnormal thickening of the heart muscle. Aortic regurgitation is the leaking of the aortic valve leading to blood flowing back into the left ventricle. Constrictive pericarditis is the scarring and thickening of the pericardium resulting in impaired heart function.

The correct answer corresponds to the labeling of different structures seen in a Transesophageal Echocardiogram (TEE) image, highlighting the Left Atrium (LA), Anterior Mitral Valve Leaflet (AMVL), Posterior Mitral Valve Leaflet (PMVL), Left Ventricle (LV), Aortic Valve (AV), and Right Ventricle (RV). The incorrect answers are a mix of incorrect labeling and irrelevant structures not typically visualized during a TEE.

The image depicts the coronary sinus, a collection of veins that drain blood into the right atrium of the heart. The incorrect options, pulmonary artery, thymus gland, and spleen, do not correspond to the structure shown in the image.

The correct answer is AMVL because it follows the direction of the arrow in the image and corresponds to the identified area.

The image likely shows a vessel related to the heart due to the mention of coronary sinus and left circumflex artery. The other options are not commonly associated with this anatomical area.

In this view, the arrow is pointing to the anterolateral wall which is primarily supplied by the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) artery and sometimes by the Left Circumflex (LCX) artery.

The correct answer refers to a specific cardiac condition characterized by enlargement or thickening of the apex of the heart, resembling a spade shape. The other options are different cardiac conditions that do not match the description provided.

The correct answer is aortic stenosis because the characteristic pressure waveform often seen in this condition is a slow rise and delayed peak systolic pressure, followed by a sharp decline in pressure during diastole. This pattern is distinct from the other conditions mentioned.

The presence of a B-notch on the mitral valve (MV) M-mode is typically indicative of an increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), as seen in conditions like mitral stenosis or restrictive cardiomyopathy.

The best place to measure LVOT velocity is at location 1 due to the optimal angle and alignment for accurate velocity measurement.

The image provided shows a bicuspid aortic valve, a congenital heart condition where the aortic valve has only two leaflets instead of the usual three. This can lead to problems with the flow of blood from the heart to the aorta.

The correct identification in the image is the coronary sinus, which is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle.

The Chari network, also known as the terminal crest, is a muscular ridge located in the right atrium of the heart. It serves as a landmark for various structures and is involved in the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart.

M-mode echocardiography is a two-dimensional display of a one-dimensional motion. In aortic regurgitation, the M-mode can show a characteristic 'fluttering' motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet due to the regurgitant jet impacting the valve during diastole.

The correct diagnosis for the image is the reversal of flow during diastole, indicating a potential issue with blood flow in the descending aorta.

The correct diagnosis for the image provided is a persistent left superior vena cava with a dilated coronary sinus. This condition is characterized by an enlarged coronary sinus due to the presence of a persistent left superior vena cava, which is a rare congenital anomaly.

The image likely shows a condition where the layers of the aorta separate. This is indicative of a dissecting aorta, where there is a tear in the inner layer of the aorta causing blood to flow between the layers and separate them. Pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, and appendicitis are all different conditions with distinct symptoms and presentations that would not match the image provided.

In the context of a dissecting aorta image, it is crucial to differentiate between true and false lumens present in the blood vessel. The correct determination in this case is 1 false lumen and 2 true lumens, showcasing the distinction between the types of lumens.

Dressler's syndrome, also known as post-myocardial infarction syndrome, typically presents weeks to months after a myocardial infarction with symptoms such as fever, chest pain, and pericarditis. It is characterized by an immune-mediated inflammatory response.

The correct answer is 'endocardial cushion effect' as the image depicts abnormal development of the endocardial cushions in the heart, which can lead to heart malformations. The other options are common heart conditions but do not match the description of the image.

The correct answer refers to the presence of fibrous strands in the pericardium, specifically due to chronic effusions, which can be visualized in imaging studies. The incorrect answers provided do not align with the description given in the question.

The M-mode of the pulmonic valve showing mid-systolic notching is typically observed in pulmonary/pulmonic hypertension due to the increased pressure in the pulmonary artery. Aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and pericardial effusion may present with different characteristic findings on imaging studies.

The interatrial septum is the correct answer as the red arrow typically points to this structure in a TEE image, helping to visualize the separation between the right and left atria. The other options are incorrect as they represent different structures within the heart.

In order to achieve the view shown in the image, it is necessary to rotate the transducer 90 degrees counterclockwise from the subcostal 4C view. This change in orientation allows for the visualization of the specific structures captured in the image.

The question is asking which imaging specifically describes the left atrial pressure waveform. The correct answer is LA pressure waveform, as it is a common waveform seen during cardiac catheterization to assess left atrial pressures. The incorrect answers (RV, LV, and pulmonary artery pressure waveforms) do not accurately represent the left atrial pressure waveform.

The correct answer is LVH, which stands for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. It is a condition where the muscle wall of the heart's left pumping chamber becomes thickened. The other options do not relate to the description of the 2D image.

The correct answer describes a specific scenario of left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) doppler in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), characterized by abnormal flow patterns due to the structural abnormalities in the heart. The incorrect answers represent different scenarios and conditions in which Doppler waveforms would appear differently, highlighting the importance of understanding context in interpreting Doppler findings.

The correct answer is pericardial effusion, which is a condition where fluid builds up in the pericardium, the sac surrounding the heart. Ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation, and pulmonary embolism are different conditions unrelated to pericardial effusion.

When the sonographer does not sweep the image, they may fail to capture the entire area of interest and thus miss the MR jet.

The correct labeling of the structures in the image includes the papillary muscle, left ventricle, descending aorta, and moderator band. The incorrect answers provided are related structures that are not labeled in the image to test the understanding of cardiac anatomy.