Pathophysiology Final Deborah Dollmeyer Hcr 240 Scottsdale Community College Scc

Renal Insufficiency is considered present when the renal function is significantly impaired or when the GFR falls below a certain level. In this case, the correct threshold is when the renal function is impaired to 25% or GFR is 25-30 ml/min.

Acute renal failure can be classified into three categories: prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal based on the underlying cause of the condition.

Prerenal acute kidney injury is most often caused by factors that reduce blood flow to the kidneys, leading to decreased kidney function. The correct answers - hypovolemia, hemorrhage, hypotension, and hypoperfusion - are all conditions that can result in reduced blood flow to the kidneys. Dehydration, heart failure, and excessive fluid intake are incorrect answers as they do not directly lead to prerenal acute kidney injury.

Intrarenal acute kidney injury is often caused by factors that directly affect the kidney tissues, such as cortical necrosis, acute glomerulonephritis, vascular disease, allograft disease, and interstitial disease. Other factors like urinary tract infections, dehydration, and genetic predisposition are not typically associated with intrarenal acute kidney injury.

The complications of acute kidney injury can vary widely and affect multiple body systems. It is important to recognize the diverse range of complications that can arise in order to provide appropriate management and treatment.

The correct answer emphasizes the importance of addressing fluid and electrolyte imbalances, treating infections, maintaining nutrition, and adjusting medication dosages to manage Acute Kidney Injury. The incorrect answers do not align with recommended management strategies and may potentially worsen the condition.

Chronic kidney disease is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function over time, leading to irreversible damage. Acute kidney disease, on the other hand, is a sudden onset of kidney dysfunction that is often reversible with prompt treatment.

Chronic kidney disease stage 1 is characterized by a GFR of about 50% of normal, with the possibility of elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. The incorrect answers provide alternative scenarios that do not align with the characteristics of stage 1 CKD.

Chronic kidney disease stage 2 is characterized by mildly reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), mild azotemia, nocturia, mild anemia, and impaired renal function during stress. The incorrect answers provided consist of variations in GFR levels, different laboratory findings, and urinary abnormalities which are not typically seen in stage 2 of CKD.

Chronic kidney disease stage 3 is characterized by the presence of various symptoms and abnormalities in kidney function. These include azotemia (accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood), acidosis (excessive acidity in the blood), impaired urine dilution, severe anemia, electrolyte disturbances, and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to less than 20% of normal. Hypertension, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia are not specific features of stage 3 CKD.

Chronic kidney disease stage 4/ ESRD is characterized by severely reduced GFR, electrolyte disturbances, acidosis, and impairments in nonrenal organ systems. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately represent the typical characteristics of this stage of kidney disease.

In chronic kidney disease, the kidneys are unable to function properly, leading to an accumulation of waste products in the blood. This is reflected in increased levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, while the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases as a measure of kidney function.

The management of chronic kidney disease primarily involves dietary control and dialysis, along with other interventions as needed.

The urinary tract defense systems primarily involve the urethral sphincter, inherited antigens, mucus-secreting glands in the urethra, and urine itself. Kidney function, bladder size, and nervous system response are not directly related to the urinary tract defense mechanisms.

Urinary tract infections are commonly associated with certain risk factors such as those listed in the correct answer. It is important to understand these risk factors for prevention and treatment purposes.

Escherichia coli is the most common pathogen associated with urinary tract infections, causing about 80% of uncomplicated cases. Salmonella, Streptococcus, and Clostridium are not typically associated with UTIs.

Clinical manifestations of lower urinary tract disorders do not typically include fever and chills, persistent cough, or visual disturbances. These symptoms are more likely indicative of other health conditions unrelated to urinary tract disorders.

The severity of obstructive uropathy is primarily determined by factors related to the obstruction and urinary tract involvement, rather than patient demographics like age, medication use, or urine color.

Renal cell carcinoma is a malignant type of kidney cancer, not a non-cancerous tumor or bone cancer. It is not caused by bacterial infection but rather arises from specific cell types in the kidneys.

Stage 1 renal cell carcinoma refers to cancer that is confined within the kidney capsule, with no spread to nearby or distant organs. This is an early stage of the disease.

Stage 2 renal cell carcinoma typically spreads through the capsule and renal vein, but remains confined within the surrounding fascia. This distinguishes it from more advanced stages where it may involve distant organs or adjacent structures.

Stage 3 renal cell carcinoma is characterized by the invasion of cancer cells into the regional lymph nodes and vena cava, distinguishing it from earlier stages where the tumor is localized to the kidney. Spread to distant organs is typically seen in later stages of the disease, while the absence of cancer cells would not indicate a diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma.

Stage 4 renal cell carcinoma is characterized by the spread of cancer to distant sites in the body, known as distant metastases. This is a common presentation in advanced stages of the disease.

The staging system for bladder tumors includes the evaluation of lymph nodes near the bladder (D1) and distant sites such as bone and visceral organs (D2). The other options mentioned do not directly relate to the staging system for bladder tumors.

In the extracellular fluid (ECF), sodium is the dominant cation while chloride is the dominant anion. It helps maintain fluid balance and plays a crucial role in nerve function and muscle contraction.

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is composed of various ions, but potassium is the dominant cation in it due to its high concentrations inside cells. Chloride, sodium, and bicarbonate are found in the extracellular fluid in different concentrations.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is specifically involved in water conservation by regulating the amount of water reabsorbed in the kidneys.

Aldosterone primarily functions in regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body through actions on the kidney.

Natriuretic hormones such as ANP, BNP, C-type natriuretic peptide, and urodilatin are responsible for stimulating water and sodium excretion in response to blood volume changes.