Pathophysiology Exam 1_part 1 (intro)

The prefix 'hypo-' is commonly used to signify a deficiency or an inadequate amount of something.

The suffix -itis is commonly used in medical terminology to indicate inflammation. Inflammation refers to the body's response to injury or irritation, leading to redness, swelling, heat, and pain in the affected area.

The suffix -osis is commonly used to denote abnormal conditions or diseases.

The suffix -opathy is used to denote a specific type of disease or disorder. In this case, the correct answer is 'Diseased' as it is the most appropriate term to complete the question.

The term 'iatrogenic' specifically relates to diseases introduced or caused by medical treatment or intervention, not by physical contact, genetics, or environmental factors.

A disease is a medical condition characterized by a set of symptoms that can be traced back to a single cause. It is different from injuries, infections, and genetic disorders.

A syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms that may have multiple underlying causes, making it a complex condition to diagnose and treat.

Normalcy refers to the range of values that are considered typical or average within a given population, as opposed to extremes or outliers. It is a concept used to define what is generally accepted as standard or typical behavior or characteristics.

Etiology specifically focuses on identifying the causes or reasons for a disease, which can range from various factors such as viruses, bacteria, occupation, age, sex, nutritional status, or genetics.

Diseases can be classified in various ways based on their causes, mechanisms, and symptoms. The correct answer covers a broad range of classifications including inherited, congenital, toxic, infectious, traumatic, degenerative, neoplastic, and metabolic. The incorrect answers either focus on specific disease-causing agents (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic), incorrect categorizations (mental, emotional, physical, chronic), or types of diseases (localized, systemic, acute, chronic) which do not fit within the standard classifications of diseases.

An inherited disease is one that is passed down genetically from parents to their offspring. It is not contracted through air, acquired from eating spicy foods, or caused by exposure to sunlight.

Congenital disease refers to conditions that are present at birth, but not all congenital diseases are hereditary. Some congenital diseases are the result of environmental factors or developmental issues during fetal development.

An infectious disease is characterized by its ability to be transmitted between individuals or organisms, regardless of genetic factors, contact type, or species specificity.

Degenerative diseases are characterized by the gradual worsening of a condition over time, typically associated with aging.

Neoplastic disease refers to abnormal growth or tumors, which can be caused by DNA-related issues or exposure to toxins. It is not related to infectious diseases, degenerative diseases affecting the nervous system, or hereditary disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction.

The term 'metabolic' is used to describe a disease when it cannot be classified under any other category and is related to a disruption in the normal metabolic processes of the body.

Signs are the objective, observable changes that can be measured or seen by someone other than the patient, such as healthcare providers. These can include physical manifestations like fever, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and packed cell volume (PCV).

Symptoms are subjective feelings reported by the patient themselves, such as nausea or pain. They are typically graded on a scale from 1 to 10 based on the patient's description of how they feel.

Extrinsic factors are external influences that can impact an individual's health and well-being. These factors can include environmental factors, lifestyle choices, medications, and exposure to harmful substances. It is important to consider both extrinsic and intrinsic factors when assessing overall health.

Intrinsic factors refer to those that originate from within the person themselves, such as age, sex, genetic inheritance, and congenital conditions. They are typically not easily controlled by the individual.

Autosomal dominant inheritance only requires one bad gene to be passed down as it is a dominant trait, meaning only one parent needs to have the copy. It is carried on autosomal chromosomes, which are the non-sex chromosomes. This type of inheritance follows specific patterns due to the dominant nature of the gene.

Autosomal dominant disorders are generally equally prevalent in males and females, do not skip generations, have delayed onset, are typically less severe than autosomal recessive disorders, and are associated with structural protein defects. The incorrect answers provided above showcase various misconceptions and inaccuracies in understanding autosomal dominant inheritance patterns.

Autosomal recessive inheritance pattern requires both copies of a gene (one from each parent) to carry the trait. It is not inherited from a single parent, nor is it passed down exclusively from the mother. Additionally, it is carried on autosomal chromosomes, not the sex chromosomes.

Autosomal recessive conditions are equally prevalent in males and females, may skip generations but are often seen in siblings, have early age onset, are more severe though not as lethal as previously thought, and are more often associated with enzymatic deficiency.

Sex-linked disorders are specifically carried on the sex chromosomes, X or Y, rather than on autosomes. The inheritance pattern of these disorders differs from those on autosomes and are not influenced by environmental factors.

Sex-linked disorders are more common in males due to the fact that they only have one X chromosome, allowing for the expression of recessive genes more easily. Daughters of affected men are carriers because they inherit the affected X chromosome.