Pathology Correlates

Pages disease primarily affects the nipple, Papiloma commonly affects the ducts, and Lobules are the terminal duct lobule units in the breast.

The correct term for a small mass of indefinite shape is 'lump'. The other options do not accurately describe the term being asked for in the question.

Although a benign tumor cannot metastasize or become malignant, it may still need to be removed for diagnostic purposes or to prevent potential complications.

Intraductal papilloma is a benign tumor that grows in the milk ducts of the breast. Fibroadenoma is another common benign breast tumor, while ductal carcinoma in situ and lobular carcinoma in situ are both types of non-invasive breast cancer.

In the context mentioned, large breast ducts are associated with a symptom of complaining of bloody nipple discharge, indicating a possible breast disease.

Fibrocystic change refers to noncancerous changes in breast tissue usually related to hormone fluctuations, not cancerous or solid tumors.

A cyst is an epithelial lined space with fluid inside, making the correct answer 'Epithelial lined space with fluid inside.'

Proliferative fibrocystic change refers to the histological appearance of nearly filled up ducts with proliferating cells, which is characteristic of benign breast changes. Hyperplasia without atypia, Ductal Carcinoma in Situ, and Lobular Carcinoma in Situ are distinct conditions with different histological characteristics.

Cells in the duct looking abnormal can be an indication of various breast conditions. Atypical ductal hyperplasia is a precancerous condition characterized by abnormal cells in the breast ducts. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive cancer where abnormal cells are found in the lining of the breast ducts. Fibrocystic changes are benign breast changes characterized by lumps or cysts. Mastitis is an infection of the breast tissue that can cause redness, pain, and swelling.

When abnormal cells extend and break through the basement membrane, they are characterized as invasive carcinoma, signaling progression of the condition.

The correct answer indicates that the item is still in the duct, while the incorrect answers suggest different locations where the item could be found.

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma is a type of breast cancer where cancer cells break through the walls of the ducts and invade the surrounding breast tissue. This is a defining characteristic of this type of cancer.

Invasive ductal carcinoma is the most common type of breast cancer that begins in the milk ducts and then invades surrounding breast tissue. It can also spread to the lymph nodes in the armpit. Benign tumors are not cancerous, ductal carcinoma in situ is non-invasive cancer, and metastatic lung cancer originates in the lungs and spreads to other parts of the body.

Cancer spreads through the deposit of tumor in blood vessel and lymphatics, allowing it to travel through the body via blood and lymphatic system.

Paget Disease is a rare form of breast cancer that involves the skin of the nipple and areola. It is characterized by changes in the skin covering the nipple, which may appear crusty, scaly, red or oozing.

The correct answer refers to the presence of Paget cells in the skin of the breast, indicating breast cancer. The other incorrect options do not accurately reflect this abnormality related to breast cancer.

The correct answer highlights the specific vascular anomalies that may be present in the baby's urogenital system, emphasizing the need for close scrutiny for abnormalities.

When the placenta is green stained, it is an indication that the baby is under distress. This color change is often due to the presence of meconium on the fetal surface of the placenta.

The correct term for the innermost membrane enclosing the fetus is amnion chorion, which is part of the amniotic sac. It helps protect and nourish the developing fetus.

Pigment laden macrophages specifically indicate meconium deposition, not any of the other options provided.

Meconium, which is the baby's first feces, can be harmful to the amniotic membrane surrounding the fetus. When meconium comes into contact with the amnion, it can result in inflammation, prompting macrophages to react to the injury by accumulating in the affected area.

Acute inflammation of the membrane can occur when the mom's membrane ruptures early before labor, leading to the presence of inflammation.

Vasculitis refers to the inflammation of blood vessels. It can occur in various parts of the body and can have different causes and symptoms.

The fetal surface of placenta is described as bumpy, unlike smooth, flat, or rough surfaces.

The correct term for baby shedding skin cells into amniotic fluid and staying suspended in fluid is 'Keratinocytes'. Oligohydramnio refers to lack of amniotic fluid, Squamous metaplasia is related to insult to injury, and Not enough urine indicates a separate issue related to the baby's kidneys.

Identical twins are characterized by sharing the same genetic information and developing in separate amniotic sacs with no chorion present.

The correct term for this phenomenon is Diamonic Dichronic, not Diamond Change, Color Shift, or Light Reflection.