Mcat Psychology Ch. 11 Social Structure & Demographics

Ageism is the discrimination or prejudice against individuals based on their age, which can manifest in various forms such as stereotypes and mistreatment.

Gender is a complex and multifaceted concept that goes beyond biological sex and encompasses a range of traits and identities.

Gender inequality refers to the unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. It can manifest in various forms, including but not limited to intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of the other. Options A, B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not accurately define the concept of gender inequality.

Race is a social construct that categorizes people based on physical characteristics, which may or may not have biological significance. It is not a biological classification or cultural identity, although it can be influenced by both.

Ethnicity is a social construct that encompasses cultural factors, while biological classification, socioeconomic status, and political affiliation are distinct concepts.

Symbolic Ethnicity refers to the retention of one's ethnic identity for symbolic rather than practical reasons. It is not about assimilation or superiority, but rather maintaining a connection to one's ethnicity without it being a primary aspect of daily life.

Sexual orientation refers to the type of individuals that a person is attracted to in terms of their gender.

Immigration specifically refers to the movement of people into a new geographic area, whether it is within the same country or between countries. It is different from emigration, which is the movement of people out of a geographic area.

Emigration specifically refers to the movement away from a geographic area, whereas the other incorrect options describe different forms of movement within or towards a geographic area.

Fertility Rate specifically refers to the average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime within a population.

Functionalism in sociology focuses on the functions of each component of society and how these components work together to maintain balance. It looks at beneficial consequences (Manifest Functions), hidden functions (Latent Functions), and harmful consequences (Dysfunctions) of people's actions within a social system.

Manifest functions refer to the intentional actions that are designed to help or benefit a specific system. These actions are consciously carried out with the purpose of contributing positively to the functioning of a system.

Latent functions refer to the positive outcomes that are not consciously intended or recognized in the manifest functions of a social institution or phenomenon. They are often overlooked but can have significant impacts on the functioning of society.

Conflict Theory in sociology highlights the imbalance of power and resources in society, and how this leads to social conflict and the maintenance of social order.

Symbolic Interactionism is a sociological theory that emphasizes the importance of symbols in human interaction and communication. It focuses on how individuals interpret and create shared meanings through symbols like words, gestures, and other nonverbal cues.

Social Constructionism focuses on how individuals and groups actively construct and shape their own perceived social reality through communication and collaboration, rather than being determined by genetics, ecological impacts, or economic systems.

Rational Choice Theory suggests that individuals make decisions based on maximizing benefits and minimizing harms, with a focus on personal gain. It also incorporates exchange theory to explain decision-making within social groups.

Feminist Theory focuses on examining and understanding the ways in which gender inequality and discrimination manifest in society, specifically how one gender can be oppressed or devalued in comparison to another.

Social institutions are not just random social gatherings or physical structures, but rather well-established structures that play a crucial role in shaping behaviors and relationships within a culture.

Culture does not solely refer to the growth of bacteria, study of ancient civilizations, or a type of yogurt. It encompasses the lifestyle, beliefs, values, norms, and customs of a group of people including their material and symbolic elements.

Material culture refers to physical objects and items associated with a particular group or society, not beliefs, values, rituals, ceremonies, or language.

Symbolic Culture encompasses the intangible ideas and expressions that represent a cultural group, rather than physical objects, natural surroundings, or economic activities.

Cultural lag refers to the time gap between changes occurring in material culture (technology, tools, etc.) and changes in symbolic culture (values, beliefs, etc.). This concept highlights how advancements in material culture can lead to disruptions or delays in the corresponding changes in symbolic culture.

Cultural barriers are social differences that create challenges in communication and interaction among people from different cultural backgrounds.

Language is a system of communication that uses symbols and rules to convey meaning through spoken or written words.

Value refers to the importance or worth that a person places on something in their life, such as beliefs, principles, or qualities that they consider significant.

Belief is a subjective idea or concept that an individual holds to be true based on their own perceptions and experiences, rather than being an undisputed fact, scientific theory, or simply a personal opinion.

A ritual is a formalized ceremonial behavior that follows specific rules and holds significance within a group or community.

Demographics specifically refer to the statistical study of populations with a focus on characteristics such as age, gender, race & ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status. It is not related to rocks/minerals, weather patterns, or ancient civilizations.