Biology Exam 1 Date Sheet

The correct answer is the Amino group (-NH2) which acts as a base in solution, is ionized with a charge of 1+, and is found on the surface for hydrophilic interactions.

When ATP is hydrolyzed, meaning its phosphate bonds are broken, free energy is released. This energy is then used to fuel endergonic reactions in cells, which require an input of energy to occur.

Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structures which lead to different properties. Structural isomers differ in covalent arrangements, geometric isomers have the same covalent arrangement but different molecular distribution across double bonds, and enantiomers are chemically the same but biologically different.

Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl functional group (-OH), which is responsible for their solubility in water.

An asymmetric carbon is a carbon atom that is bonded to four different atoms or groups of atoms. In this molecule, option b is the only one that fits this criteria.

Carbohydrates play key roles in providing energy, structural support, nucleic acid structure, and cell recognition processes.

Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls, which is a type of polysaccharide. Plants store sugars in the form of starch, while animals store sugars in the form of glycogen.

Monosaccharides are simple sugars that have a carbonyl functional group. Their molecular formulas are always multiples of CH2O, indicating the basic building block structure of monosaccharides.

Starch is a carbohydrate used by plants for energy storage, consisting of linear chains with C1-C4 alpha linkages that are easily broken down by enzymes like alpha amylase. Animals break down starch through hydrolysis to obtain glucose, which provides them with energy.

Glycogen is a carbohydrate used for energy storage in animals. It consists of alpha glycosidic bonds, a branched chain structure, and a mixture of C1-C6, C1-C4, and C1-C3 linkages.

The correct answer provided explains that glycosidic bonds are formed in polysaccharides. Plants can break both types of bonds with the help of alpha and microbial amylase, while animals can only break alpha bonds with the help of amylase but depend on bacteria to digest beta bonds.

Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, phospholipids, waxes, and steroids. They are characterized by being hydrophobic and having low solubility in water. Their functions include being part of cell membranes, energy storage, and serving as hormones.

This question is focused on the components of a fat molecule, specifically a triglyceride, and the bonds formed between functional groups such as hydroxyl and carboxyl. The correct answer provided breaks down the composition and structure of a fat molecule accurately.

In this question, we are referring to the formation of an ester bond between the hydroxyl group of glycerol and the carboxyl group of a fatty acid through a dehydration reaction. The incorrect answers provided are related to other types of chemical bonding or reactions that do not accurately describe the process mentioned in the question.

Saturated fats have more hydrogen atoms as they are 'saturated' with hydrogen, meaning they have single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.

The 4th level of protein structure specifically refers to how the individual polypeptides are joined together to create a larger complex, rather than focusing on the amino acid sequence, functions of individual polypeptides, or the physical size of the overall protein complex.

In the tertiary structure of proteins, the interactions of R groups play a crucial role in determining the folding pattern. Understanding the types of bonds formed and the behavior of different R groups is essential to grasp the concept of protein structure and function.

In this question, the correct answer follows the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells accurately. The three incorrect answers provided do not align with the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis, making them misleading options for the multiple-choice question.

Covalent bonds are the strongest type of chemical bond, making them ideal for holding monomers together to form polymers in biological systems. Glycosidic linkages are specific types of covalent bonds that link simple sugars together to form larger carbohydrates.

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, not nucleotides, sugars, or fatty acids.

The correct answers are glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose. Glucose is the major nutrient broken down for energy in cellular respiration. Galactose combines with glucose to form lactose in milk. Fructose combines with glucose to form sucrose. Ribose is an important component of RNA and ATP.

The equation implies the composition of each disaccharide. Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose, lactose is composed of glucose and galactose, and maltose is composed of two glucose molecules.

Cellulose is actually a polymer made up of glucose monomers, not monosaccharides, fructose, lipids, or proteins. It forms beta glycosidic linkages and has a straight chain structure. It is broken down by microbial enzymes in plants, not by hydrolysis or any other method. Higher order cellulose structures are linked by hydrogen bonds, not any other type of bonding. Cows have microbes in their digestive tracts that can break down cellulose into individual glucose units.

In protein structure, the folding into alpha helices and beta sheets occurs at the secondary structure level. The irregular folding due to interactions among the R groups of amino acids happens at the tertiary structure level.

The secondary structure of a protein is least affected by hydrogen bonding, as it primarily involves the twisting or folding of the polypeptide backbone due to these interactions.

In the quaternary structure of a protein, subunits come together through various attractions similar to those in the tertiary structure. This level involves the combination of two or more polypeptide subunits to form the functional protein complex.

The methyl group is distinctive from the other 7 functional groups as it is hydrophobic and can be attached to a carbon or a different atom, while the incorrect answers mentioned have different chemical properties and functions in organic chemistry.

Polysaccharides help in cell identification on membranes due to their unique structure and ability to interact with specific receptors.

Lipids are not built from repeating monomer units like polymers such as carbohydrates and proteins are. This characteristic sets them apart from the other large biological molecules.