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The statement is true. Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood that is ejected from the heart into the aorta with each contraction. It is typically around 70 ml per beat.

Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out by the heart in one minute. It is a measure of the heart's efficiency in supplying oxygenated blood to the body. Stroke volume, on the other hand, refers to the amount of blood pumped out by the heart in each contraction. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minute. Stroke output is not a recognized term in the context of cardiovascular physiology.

ACE inhibitors are a class of antihypertensive drugs that can cause dry cough as a side effect. These drugs work by blocking the action of an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), which helps to regulate blood pressure. By blocking ACE, these medications can cause an accumulation of a substance called bradykinin, which can irritate the airways and lead to a dry cough. Other classes of antihypertensive drugs, such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics, do not typically cause this side effect.

The correct answer is 9300 patients. This is the number of patients enrolled in the Landmark SPRINT Trial.

The systolic blood pressure is the pressure when the ventricles contract. During ventricular contraction, blood is forcefully pumped out of the heart into the arteries, causing a temporary increase in blood pressure. This is represented by the higher number in a blood pressure reading (e.g., 120/80, where 120 is the systolic pressure).

The correct formula to measure blood pressure is Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output X Peripheral Resistance. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps out (cardiac output) and the resistance to blood flow in the arteries (peripheral resistance). This formula takes into account both factors that contribute to blood pressure.

Essential hypertension refers to high blood pressure that occurs without any identifiable cause. It is also known as primary hypertension. This means that in the majority of cases, there is no specific underlying condition or factor that can be pinpointed as the cause of the high blood pressure. It is a chronic condition that often develops gradually over time and is influenced by a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Treatment for essential hypertension typically involves lifestyle modifications and medication to help lower and manage blood pressure levels.

Edema, or fluid accumulation in the ankles, is a common side effect of calcium channel blockers. These medications work by relaxing and widening blood vessels, which can cause fluid to leak out into surrounding tissues and result in edema. Diuretics, on the other hand, help to reduce fluid retention and would not typically cause edema. Beta blockers and ARBs are not directly associated with fluid accumulation in the ankles.

In the SPRINT Trial, the target systolic goal is set at 120 mm. This means that the aim is to lower the systolic blood pressure of the participants to 120 mm. The trial likely found that achieving this target had the most significant impact on reducing the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality.

Sympathetic overactivity refers to an excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the fight-or-flight response. This activation can lead to vasoconstriction, which is the narrowing of blood vessels, resulting in increased blood pressure. It can also cause tachycardia, which is a rapid heart rate. Both vasoconstriction and tachycardia contribute to an increased cardiac output, which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. Therefore, all of the given options are correct and are consequences of sympathetic overactivity.

When there is a sodium overload in the body, it leads to increased plasma volume with water retention. This means that the amount of fluid in the blood increases, causing the body to retain water. This can result in swelling and increased blood pressure.

The given options are all medications used to treat high blood pressure. However, Chlorthalidone is the odd one out because it is a diuretic, while the other options are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). Diuretics work by increasing urine production, which helps lower blood pressure by reducing the volume of fluid in the body. ACE inhibitors and ARBs, on the other hand, work by relaxing blood vessels, which helps lower blood pressure by reducing the resistance to blood flow.

The correct answer is "Intensive BP management saves Lives." This conclusion is supported by the statement that the SPRINT Trial found intensive blood pressure management to be beneficial for cardiovascular outcomes. It implies that by managing blood pressure intensively, lives can be saved.

The correct answer is "CV mortality risk doubles with each 20/10 mm of BP increment." This means that for every increase of 20 mmHg in systolic blood pressure and 10 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure, the risk of cardiovascular mortality doubles. This suggests that higher blood pressure levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.

Calcium channel blockers decrease the force of contraction of the muscle cells of the heart. This is because calcium is necessary for muscle contraction, and by blocking the calcium channels, these medications reduce the amount of calcium available to the muscle cells. As a result, the muscle cells contract less forcefully, leading to a decrease in the force of contraction of the heart.

The correct answer is Ramipril. The HOPE Trial demonstrated that Ramipril provided end organ protection. This trial showed that Ramipril reduced the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attack, stroke, and death from cardiovascular causes, in patients at high risk for these events. Ramipril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, which works by relaxing blood vessels and reducing the strain on the heart. This helps to lower blood pressure and improve blood flow, ultimately leading to end organ protection.

The correct answer is LIFE. This study was the first to demonstrate the protective effects of ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers) on end organs. It showed that ARBs can reduce the risk of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy.

The statement "Angiotensin II is a potent vasodilator" is false. Angiotensin II is actually a potent vasoconstrictor, meaning it causes blood vessels to constrict and narrow, leading to an increase in blood pressure. It also stimulates the release of aldosterone, which promotes sodium and water retention, further increasing blood volume and pressure.

The correct answer is 140/90 mm of Hg. This is because most major guidelines recommend a blood pressure goal of 140/90 mm of Hg for individuals with hypertension. This goal is based on extensive research and evidence that shows that maintaining blood pressure at or below this level can significantly reduce the risk of cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. Additionally, keeping blood pressure within this range has been shown to improve overall cardiovascular health and reduce the risk of complications associated with high blood pressure.

Caution should be taken while prescribing a Beta Blocker to an asthma patient because Beta Blockers can potentially trigger bronchospasm and worsen asthma symptoms. Beta Blockers block the effects of adrenaline, which can cause constriction of the airways in asthma patients. Therefore, prescribing a Beta Blocker to an asthma patient can potentially lead to breathing difficulties and exacerbate their condition.