Week 2 Quiz EKG Surg Set Up

General anesthesia is a type of anesthetic that affects the entire body. It induces a state of unconsciousness and complete loss of sensation, allowing for major surgeries or procedures to be performed without pain or discomfort. General anesthesia is administered through inhalation or intravenous injection, and it affects the brain and nervous system, causing temporary loss of consciousness and muscle relaxation. This type of anesthesia is commonly used in surgeries that require deep sedation or when the patient needs to be completely unaware and immobile during the procedure.

The standard limb leads on an EKG appear as I, II, and III. These leads are used to measure the electrical activity of the heart from different angles. Lead I records the electrical activity between the right arm and left arm, lead II records between the right arm and left leg, and lead III records between the left arm and left leg. These leads provide important information about the electrical conduction and rhythm of the heart.

This is a picture of a puncture wound. A puncture wound is a type of injury caused by a sharp object penetrating the skin and underlying tissues. Unlike an incision or laceration, which are caused by a cutting or tearing action, a puncture wound is characterized by a small, deep hole in the skin. The narrow entry point of a puncture wound can make it prone to infection, as bacteria can be trapped inside. Treatment for a puncture wound may involve cleaning the area, applying antibiotic ointment, and possibly getting a tetanus shot.

This EKG tracing represents atrial fibrillation. Atrial fibrillation is a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular and rapid electrical impulses in the atria, leading to a chaotic and disorganized atrial activity. This results in an irregular ventricular response and can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The EKG tracing for atrial fibrillation typically shows absence of P waves, irregularly irregular R-R intervals, and fibrillatory waves.

A small amount of tissue removed from the body for examination under a microscope is called a biopsy. This procedure is commonly performed to diagnose or monitor various medical conditions, such as cancer or infections. By analyzing the tissue sample, doctors can gain insights into the cellular structure, identify abnormalities, and determine the appropriate course of treatment. Biopsies can be performed using different techniques, such as needle biopsies or surgical biopsies, depending on the specific case and area of the body being examined.

Pulmonary Function Tests are indeed used to evaluate lung volume and capacity and are commonly used to monitor various respiratory conditions such as asthma, allergies, cystic fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These tests help healthcare professionals assess the functioning of the lungs and diagnose any abnormalities or diseases affecting the respiratory system. Therefore, the given statement is true.

The statement is true because careful cleansing is indeed the first step in preventing a nonsurgical wound from becoming infected. Cleansing the wound helps remove dirt, bacteria, and other contaminants that can lead to infection. By cleaning the wound thoroughly, the risk of infection is reduced, allowing for proper healing to occur.

The correct answer is 4 because lead wires are used to connect the patient's body to the electrocardiogram (ECG) machine. In a standard 12-lead ECG, there are 4 limb leads (also known as the standard limb leads or bipolar limb leads) that are placed on the patient's limbs – specifically, the right arm, left arm, right leg, and left leg. These leads help to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles, providing valuable information about its functioning.

During the testing period of a 24-hour Holter Monitor EKG, a patient should continue with normal activities, noting activities and stress. This is because the purpose of the Holter Monitor EKG is to record the patient's heart activity during their daily routine. By continuing with normal activities, the monitor can accurately capture any irregularities or abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. Additionally, noting activities and stress can provide valuable information for the healthcare provider to analyze the data and make an accurate diagnosis.

The SA (sinoatrial) node is a small cluster of cells located in the right atrium of the heart. It is often referred to as the "natural pacemaker" of the heart because it generates electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. These electrical impulses cause the atria to contract, initiating the heartbeat. From the SA node, the electrical signals travel to the atrioventricular (AV) node and then to the ventricles, causing them to contract as well. Therefore, the SA node indeed sets the rhythm of the heart's contractions, making the statement true.

The paper moves through the EKG machine at a speed of 25 mm per second. This speed is commonly used in EKG machines to record the electrical activity of the heart. It allows for a clear and accurate representation of the heart's rhythm and any abnormalities that may be present.

Artifacts are caused by improper technique, poor conduction, outside interference, or improper handling of an ECG tracing. These factors can introduce unwanted signals or distortions into the tracing, making it difficult to accurately interpret the electrical activity of the heart. Artifacts can appear as irregularities, noise, or abnormal waveforms on the ECG, and they can mimic or mask true cardiac abnormalities. Therefore, it is important to identify and minimize artifacts to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the ECG interpretation.

Scissors are surgical instruments used for cutting various materials during surgical procedures. They have two sharp blades that are operated by handles. Scissors are commonly used by surgeons to cut tissues, sutures, bandages, and other materials. They come in different sizes and shapes, depending on the specific purpose and area of the body they are intended to be used on.

An irregular heartbeat, also known as arrhythmia, refers to abnormal heart rhythms. It occurs when the electrical signals that coordinate the heart's contractions are disrupted, causing the heart to beat too fast, too slow, or irregularly. This can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Arrhythmias can range from harmless to life-threatening, and they can be caused by various factors including heart disease, electrolyte imbalances, medications, and stress. Treatment options for arrhythmia include medication, lifestyle changes, and medical procedures such as cardioversion or ablation.

This picture shows a clean and straight cut on the skin, which is characteristic of an incision. Incisions are intentional cuts made with a sharp object, such as a scalpel, during surgical procedures or medical interventions. They are usually made with precision and are clean-edged, as opposed to lacerations or puncture wounds which may have irregular or jagged edges. Therefore, based on the appearance of the wound in the picture, it can be identified as an incision.

A scalpel is a surgical instrument that consists of a handle that holds a disposable blade. It is commonly used in medical procedures for making precise incisions or for dissection. The disposable blade allows for easy and safe removal after use, reducing the risk of infection. Scissors, curette, and forceps are also surgical instruments, but they do not have a disposable blade like a scalpel does.

The correct answer is curettes. Curettes are surgical instruments that are used for scraping or cleaning body tissues or cavities. They typically have a spoon-shaped or scoop-shaped end, which makes them different from scissors, scalpels, and hemostats. Scissors are used for cutting, scalpels are used for making incisions, and hemostats are used for clamping blood vessels. Therefore, based on the description, the instrument pictured is most likely a curette.

A pulse oximetry reading measures the oxygen saturation levels in the blood. Hypoxemia refers to a condition where there is a lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood. A pulse oximetry reading of less than 95% indicates hypoxemia. This means that the blood is not carrying enough oxygen to meet the body's needs, which can lead to various symptoms and complications.

A stylus is a pen-like instrument that is used to record movement on the ECG paper. It is a small, pointed device that is attached to the ECG machine and is used to mark the paper as the electrical activity of the heart is detected. The stylus moves in response to the electrical signals and creates a graphical representation of the heart's activity on the ECG paper. It is an essential tool in ECG monitoring and helps healthcare professionals analyze and interpret the electrical activity of the heart.

This artifact is called Alternating Current (AC) Interference. AC interference refers to the presence of electrical noise in the form of alternating current that can disrupt or distort signals in medical equipment. It is often caused by nearby electrical devices or poor grounding. This interference can lead to inaccurate readings or distorted waveforms in medical recordings.

Local anesthesia is a type of anesthetic that affects only a specific area of the body, numbing the nerves and preventing pain signals from reaching the brain. It is commonly used for minor surgical procedures or dental work, where the patient remains awake and alert while only the targeted area is numbed. In contrast, general anesthesia affects the entire body, inducing a state of unconsciousness and blocking all sensation, allowing for more invasive procedures to be performed without pain or discomfort.

The correct answer is suture needles because the question asks for the surgical instrument pictured, and suture needles are commonly used in surgeries to sew or close wounds. Needle holders, probes, and dilators are also surgical instruments, but they are not specifically shown or mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is 6 because lead wires are used to connect the electrodes to the ECG machine. In a standard 12-lead ECG, there are 6 limb leads and 6 chest leads. The limb leads are placed on the patient's wrists and ankles, while the chest leads are placed on specific locations on the chest. Therefore, a total of 6 lead wires are placed on the patient's chest.

An incision is a surgical wound made by cutting into body tissue performed by a doctor. It is a deliberate and controlled cut made during a surgical procedure. Incisions are carefully planned and executed by medical professionals to access and treat specific areas of the body. Unlike lacerations and puncture wounds, which may occur accidentally or as a result of trauma, an incision is a purposeful and intentional cut made for medical purposes.

The correct answer is forceps. Forceps are surgical instruments that are used for grasping and holding objects during surgical procedures. They have two blades and are designed to provide a firm grip and precise control. Forceps are commonly used in various surgical specialties for tasks such as grasping tissue, manipulating sutures, and removing foreign objects. They come in different shapes and sizes, each suitable for specific purposes.

When a sterile field becomes wet, it is considered contaminated because moisture can carry microorganisms and bacteria that can compromise the sterility of the field. Therefore, it is necessary to redo the sterile field to ensure that it remains free from contamination and maintains its sterile status.

A flatline on the tracing of one of the leads is typically caused by a loose or disconnected lead wire. When the lead wire is not properly connected or becomes loose during monitoring, it can result in a loss of electrical signal transmission, leading to a flatline on the tracing. This can prevent the accurate recording of the patient's heart activity and may require immediate attention to ensure proper monitoring and diagnosis.

An abscess is a collection of pus that forms as a result of an infection. It is typically surrounded by inflamed tissue and can occur in various parts of the body. Abscesses are usually caused by bacteria entering the body through a wound or infection, and the body's immune system responds by creating a pocket of pus to contain and fight the infection. Treatment for an abscess often involves draining the pus and administering antibiotics to clear the infection.

The correct answer is the Sinoatrial node. The Sinoatrial node, also known as the SA node, is a group of specialized cells located in the right atrium of the heart. It is often referred to as the "natural pacemaker" of the heart because it initiates the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. These impulses then spread throughout the atria, causing them to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. From there, the impulses travel through the atrioventricular node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers to stimulate the contraction of the ventricles and complete the heart's electrical conduction system.

When the EKG picks up a small amount of electric current given off by another piece of electronic equipment, it is referred to as Alternating Current (AC) Interference. This interference can cause artifacts on the EKG tracing, leading to inaccurate interpretation of the patient's cardiac activity. It is important to minimize AC interference by ensuring proper grounding and shielding of the equipment to obtain a clear and reliable EKG reading.

The statement is true because ligature can indeed be either absorbable or nonabsorbable suture material. Absorbable sutures are designed to break down and be absorbed by the body over time, while nonabsorbable sutures are made of materials that are not absorbed and need to be removed manually. Therefore, the statement accurately reflects the two types of suture materials that can be used for ligature.

The precordial leads appear on the EKG as V1-V6. Precordial leads, also known as chest leads, are placed on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles. V1 is placed in the fourth intercostal space just to the right of the sternum, V2 is placed in the fourth intercostal space just to the left of the sternum, V3 is placed halfway between V2 and V4, V4 is placed in the fifth intercostal space at the midclavicular line, V5 is placed in the fifth intercostal space at the anterior axillary line, and V6 is placed in the fifth intercostal space at the midaxillary line. These leads provide information about the electrical activity of the heart from the anterior, lateral, and inferior perspectives.

A 24-hour EKG is measured using a Holter Monitor.

Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs) are the most likely explanation for the given EKG tracing. PVCs are abnormal heartbeats that originate in the ventricles, causing a premature contraction. This is represented on the EKG tracing as an early, wide QRS complex that is different from the normal sinus rhythm. Atrial Fibrillation and Ventricular Fibrillation would show different patterns on the EKG tracing, making them less likely explanations.

Anesthesia refers to the loss of sensation, including the feeling of pain. It is a state induced by medical professionals to block pain during surgeries or other medical procedures. This allows patients to undergo procedures without experiencing pain or discomfort. Anesthesia can be achieved through the administration of drugs or other techniques that numb the body or induce a temporary loss of consciousness.

The sinoatrial node, also known as the pacemaker of the heart, is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. It is located in the right atrium and generates electrical signals that cause the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. These signals then travel to the atrioventricular node, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers, coordinating the contraction of the ventricles and ensuring efficient blood circulation throughout the body.

The peaks and valleys labeled with the letters PQRSTU are called deflections. Deflections refer to the upward and downward movements observed in an electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform. These deflections represent the electrical activity of the heart during each phase of the cardiac cycle. By analyzing the shape, duration, and amplitude of these deflections, healthcare professionals can diagnose various heart conditions and abnormalities.

The correct answer is 10 because lead wires are used to connect the patient's body to the monitoring equipment in order to measure electrical activity. In a standard electrocardiogram (ECG), there are 10 lead wires placed on the patient's body - 4 limb leads (RA, LA, RL, LL) and 6 precordial leads (V1-V6). These lead wires are strategically placed to capture the electrical signals from different angles and regions of the heart, providing a comprehensive view of its activity.

Debridement is the correct answer because it refers to the removal of debris or dead tissue from a wound in order to expose healthy tissue. This process is necessary for proper wound healing and to prevent infection. Abscess refers to a localized collection of pus, biopsy is the removal of a small piece of tissue for examination, and proliferation refers to the rapid growth or increase of cells.

The augmented limb leads (AVF, AVR, AVL) appear on the EKG as additional leads that provide different perspectives of the electrical activity of the heart. These leads are derived from the standard limb leads (I, II, III) and are placed on the patient's limbs. AVF represents the electrical activity between the left arm and the left leg, AVR represents the electrical activity between the right arm and the left leg, and AVL represents the electrical activity between the left arm and the left leg. These leads help in diagnosing specific cardiac conditions and provide a more comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity.

Muscle tremors in a patient can cause somatic artifacts. Somatic artifacts are unwanted electrical signals that originate from the patient's body movements or muscle activity. These artifacts can interfere with the accurate interpretation of physiological signals, such as electrocardiograms or electroencephalograms. In the case of muscle tremors, the involuntary muscle contractions can generate electrical noise that appears as irregular spikes or fluctuations in the recorded signal, leading to somatic artifacts.

A puncture wound is a deep wound caused by a sharp object. Unlike a laceration, which is a tear in the skin, a puncture wound occurs when a pointed object pierces the skin and creates a small hole. This type of wound can be caused by nails, needles, or other sharp objects. Puncture wounds can be deep and may not bleed much, making them prone to infection.

Cryosurgery is a procedure that uses extreme cold to destroy unwanted tissue such as skin lesions and lesions on the cervix. It involves the use of liquid nitrogen or a similar freezing agent to freeze and kill the abnormal cells. This method is commonly used for the treatment of various conditions, including skin cancer, warts, and precancerous cervical lesions. By freezing the tissue, cryosurgery effectively destroys the abnormal cells, allowing healthy tissue to regenerate in its place. Electrocauterization and laser surgery, on the other hand, use heat and light respectively, making cryosurgery the correct answer for this question.

The surgical instruments that are pictured in the question are needle holders.

The standard electrocardiograph machine has 12 leads. Leads are electrodes that are attached to different parts of the body to measure the electrical activity of the heart from different angles. These leads provide a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity and help in diagnosing various heart conditions.

An electrolyte is needed to enhance the transmission of electric current on the electrodes. Electrolytes are substances that can conduct electricity when dissolved in water or melted. They contain ions that are free to move and carry electric charge. When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte, the ions move towards the electrodes, allowing the current to flow. This enhances the transmission of electric current on the electrodes, making electrolyte the correct answer.

A wandering baseline refers to an irregular or unstable baseline on a graph or recording. It is characterized by small random fluctuations in the baseline, which can make it difficult to accurately interpret the data. In the context of artifacts, a wandering baseline can occur in various types of recordings, such as electrocardiograms (ECGs) or electroencephalograms (EEGs), and can be caused by factors such as electrode movement or poor electrode contact with the skin.

This EKG tracing represents ventricular fibrillation, which is a life-threatening arrhythmia characterized by chaotic and irregular electrical activity in the ventricles. In ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles quiver and are unable to effectively pump blood to the body, leading to a loss of consciousness and absence of a pulse. Immediate medical intervention, such as defibrillation, is required to restore a normal heart rhythm and prevent cardiac arrest.

The correct answer is retractors. The question asks about the surgical instruments that are pictured, and the correct answer is retractors.

Electrocauterization is a technique that involves the use of a heated needle, probe, or loop to destroy targeted tissue by applying an electric current. This method is commonly used in surgical procedures to control bleeding, remove abnormal tissue, or seal blood vessels. It works by generating heat, which coagulates the tissue and cauterizes the blood vessels, preventing excessive bleeding. Laser surgery, on the other hand, uses a highly focused beam of light to remove or destroy tissue, while cryosurgery involves freezing the tissue to destroy it.