EKG Final Quiz

Homeostasis refers to the steady state equilibrium that exists in the body. It is a process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes. It involves various physiological mechanisms that regulate temperature, pH levels, blood pressure, and other vital parameters. Through homeostasis, the body can adapt and respond to different conditions to ensure optimal functioning. Hematopesis refers to the production of blood cells, hemolysis is the destruction of red blood cells, and hematology is the study of blood and its disorders.

During ventricular relaxation, the heart muscle is in a resting state and preparing for the next contraction. Repolarization refers to the process where the electrical charge of the heart muscle cells returns to its resting state after depolarization, which is the process of the cells contracting and generating electrical impulses. Therefore, repolarization is the correct answer as it occurs during ventricular relaxation.

Nitroglycerin is the most likely medication prescribed for Mr. Adam Edwards based on his symptoms. Chest pain that radiates to the left arm is a common symptom of angina, and nitroglycerin is commonly prescribed to relieve angina symptoms. Nitroglycerin works by relaxing and widening the blood vessels, improving blood flow and reducing chest pain. Headaches are a common side effect of nitroglycerin, which explains Mr. Edwards' complaint after taking the medication.

Palpitation refers to the sensation of a pounding or racing heart that a patient is aware of. It is a common symptom that can be caused by various factors, including stress, anxiety, caffeine, medication side effects, or underlying heart conditions. Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm, ectopic beats are extra heartbeats that occur outside the normal rhythm, and MI stands for myocardial infarction, which is a heart attack. However, none of these options specifically describe the awareness of the pounding or racing heart, making palpitation the correct answer.

An indication for stress testing is the evaluation of chest pain in a patient with a normal baseline EKG. Stress testing is commonly used to assess the presence of coronary artery disease in patients who are experiencing chest pain or other symptoms suggestive of heart disease. In this scenario, the patient's normal baseline EKG suggests that there may not be any obvious abnormalities at rest. However, stress testing can help to identify any underlying cardiac issues that may be causing the chest pain when the heart is under stress.

Based on the given symptoms and clinical presentation, the doctor diagnosed Humpty Dumpty with recurrent congestive heart failure. The combination of an enlarged heart, fluid in the lungs, abnormal P waves, and his history of CHF suggests that his heart is not functioning properly and is unable to pump blood effectively. This leads to fluid buildup in the lungs, causing symptoms such as dyspnea and diaphoresis. Additionally, the bilateral lower extremity edema further supports the diagnosis of congestive heart failure.

The R-R interval on an EKG tracing represents the time between two consecutive R waves, which corresponds to one complete cardiac cycle. In a normal EKG, each large square represents 0.2 seconds, so if the R-R interval is 5 large squares, it would be equal to 1 second (5 x 0.2 = 1). Since the heart rate is defined as the number of cardiac cycles per minute, a 1-second R-R interval would correspond to a heart rate of 60 beats per minute. Therefore, the correct answer is 60.

A thrombus is a clot that forms within a blood vessel. It is a result of the coagulation process, where platelets and fibrin form a plug to stop bleeding. Unlike a blood hemorrhage, which is an escape of blood from a ruptured vessel, a thrombus is an abnormal clot that forms within a vessel. It is also different from a leaky blood vessel, which refers to a vessel that allows blood to escape due to damage or weakness. A traveling clot, also known as an embolus, is a clot that breaks off from its original site and travels through the bloodstream.

The name of the heart that points downward and to the left at the fifth intercostal space is the apex. The apex is the lower pointed end of the heart and is located at the fifth intercostal space, which is the space between the ribs.

The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood. This is because the right atrium receives blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava, which carry deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation. The deoxygenated blood is then pumped into the right ventricle, which will then pump it to the lungs for oxygenation.

Electrodes are commonly known as sensors because they are used to detect and measure electrical signals in various applications. They are typically made of conductive materials and are placed on the surface of a body or object to pick up electrical activity. By converting these electrical signals into measurable data, sensors play a crucial role in fields such as medicine, engineering, and environmental monitoring. While electrodes can also be connected to leads or wires to transmit the signals, the term "sensors" encompasses their primary function of sensing and detecting electrical activity.

The intrinsic rate of the AV junction refers to the natural pacemaker rate of the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles in the heart. The normal range for the intrinsic rate of the AV junction is 40-60 beats per minute (bpm). This means that in the absence of any external influences or interventions, the AV junction will naturally generate electrical impulses at a rate between 40 and 60 bpm to regulate the heart's rhythm.

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The answer III is correct because it represents the lead from the left arm to the left leg. In the given options, I represents the lead from the right arm to the left arm, II represents the lead from the right arm to the left leg, and AVF represents the lead from the right arm to the left leg. Therefore, the correct answer is III.

Electrical activity in the heart can be assessed by various methods. The ECG (Electrocardiogram) is a commonly used diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart. Vital signs, such as heart rate and rhythm, can also provide information about the heart's electrical activity. The pulse, which is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of arteries as blood is pumped through them, can also indicate the heart's electrical activity. Finally, the EKG (Electrocardiogram) is the same as an ECG and can be used to assess the heart's electrical activity. Therefore, all the options i, ii, iii, and iv are correct.

The correct answer is Superior vena cava, Right atria, Right ventricle, Lungs, Left atria, Left ventricle, Aorta. This is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart. The blood enters the heart through the superior vena cava and flows into the right atria. From there, it goes into the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Oxygenated blood then returns to the heart and enters the left atria, followed by the left ventricle. Finally, the blood is pumped out of the heart through the aorta to be distributed to the rest of the body.

The correct answer is Left arm-Left leg. In lead III, the left arm electrode is placed on the left arm and the left leg electrode is placed on the left leg. This configuration allows for the measurement of the electrical activity between the left arm and left leg, providing valuable information about the heart's electrical conduction in that specific direction.

The lead from the center of the heart to the positive right arm is known as the aVR lead. This lead records the electrical activity of the heart from the perspective of the right arm. It is considered a "unipolar" lead because it only measures the electrical activity in one direction. In the given options, AVR is the only lead that matches the description of the lead from the center of the heart to the positive right arm.

Murmur is an abnormal sound that may indicate structural heart disease. This means that there may be a problem with the structure or function of the heart, such as a defect in the heart valves or the walls of the heart. A murmur is often heard when there is turbulence or abnormal blood flow in the heart, which can be caused by these structural abnormalities. Therefore, if a murmur is detected during a physical examination, it may be a sign of underlying structural heart disease.

The term "dorsal" is occasionally used to refer to the back side of a human, but the preferred term is "posterior". "Posterior" specifically refers to the back side of the body, while "dorsal" can be used more broadly to refer to the back side of any organism. Therefore, "posterior" is the correct answer in this context.

The electrode is placed on the 4th intercostal space, left sternal border to create V2. The placement of the electrode on this specific location allows for the accurate recording of electrical activity in the heart from this specific lead. Each lead in an ECG provides a different view of the heart's electrical activity, and V2 specifically looks at the electrical activity in the anterior wall of the left ventricle.

The three dark lines following the start line in an EKG are named 300, 150, and 100. These lines represent the intervals on the EKG graph and are used to measure the rate of the heart's electrical activity. The 300 line represents the distance between two consecutive R waves, the 150 line represents the distance between the R wave and the T wave, and the 100 line represents the distance between the P wave and the QRS complex. These measurements help determine the heart rate and identify any abnormalities in the heart's electrical conduction.

The voltage on the EKG monitor strip is measured vertically because the EKG graph displays the electrical activity of the heart over time. The vertical axis represents the voltage or electrical potential, while the horizontal axis represents time. By measuring the voltage vertically, the EKG monitor strip can accurately depict the changes in electrical activity of the heart as it beats.

The QT interval is measured from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave. This interval represents the time it takes for ventricular depolarization and repolarization to occur. The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, while the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. Therefore, measuring the interval from the beginning of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave provides information about the electrical activity of the ventricles during a cardiac cycle.

The pericardium is the external protective sac that supports the heart. It is a double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart and helps to protect it from external trauma. The outer layer of the pericardium is tough and fibrous, while the inner layer is smooth and serous. The pericardium also contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the heart to beat and move without friction. Overall, the pericardium plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the heart.

The correct answer is Left arm-Right arm. This combination of sensors is used to measure the electrical activity between the left arm and right arm, specifically lead I in an electrocardiogram (ECG). Lead I provides a frontal view of the heart's electrical activity and is commonly used to diagnose abnormalities in the heart's rhythm and conduction system. By placing the sensors on the left arm and right arm, the electrical potential difference between these two points can be measured accurately.

Dyspnea is the medical term for difficulty breathing. It is a symptom characterized by shortness of breath or breathlessness. It can be caused by various factors such as lung diseases, heart conditions, obesity, or anxiety. Dyspnea is often associated with a sensation of tightness in the chest and can range from mild to severe. It is important to identify and treat the underlying cause of dyspnea to alleviate the symptoms and improve the patient's quality of life.

The AV node is located at the superior portion of the interventricular septum and has the ability to function as a pacemaker with an intrinsic firing rate of 40-60 beats per minute. The SA node is the primary pacemaker of the heart, but if it fails, the AV node can take over and initiate the heartbeat. The Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers are responsible for transmitting the electrical signals to the ventricles, but they do not have the ability to function as a pacemaker.

Ischemia refers to a condition where there is a decreased blood flow to a specific area of the body. This can occur due to various reasons such as blockage in the blood vessels, narrowing of the arteries, or clot formation. When there is a decrease in blood flow, the affected area does not receive an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients, leading to tissue damage or cell death. Therefore, the correct answer is "Decreased blood flow to an area".

The R-R interval is the correct way to determine rhythm when analyzing a strip. The R-R interval refers to the time between two consecutive R waves on an ECG strip. By measuring this interval, one can determine the regularity or irregularity of the heart rhythm. This is an important parameter in identifying abnormal rhythms such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.

The SA and AV nodes are supplied by the right coronary artery in most patients. The right coronary artery is responsible for providing blood supply to the right side of the heart, including the SA and AV nodes. These nodes play a crucial role in regulating the electrical signals that control the heart's rhythm and rate.

There are 6 different chest leads in an electrocardiogram (ECG). Chest leads are used to measure electrical activity in the heart from different angles, providing a more comprehensive view of the heart's functioning. These leads are placed on the chest in specific positions to capture the electrical signals produced by the heart. The 6 chest leads are known as V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, and V6. Each lead provides information about a specific area of the heart, allowing healthcare professionals to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions.

If the EKG does not show any P waves, it indicates that the electrical impulse responsible for initiating the contraction of the atria did not originate from the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. In this case, the heart beat would instead originate from the atrioventricular (AV) node, which is located between the atria and ventricles and is responsible for transmitting the electrical signal from the atria to the ventricles.

Veins are blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. They have valves that prevent the backflow of blood and rely on the contraction of surrounding muscles to help push blood back to the heart. Arteries, on the other hand, carry blood away from the heart, while tributaries and canals are not specific terms used to describe blood vessels. Therefore, the correct answer is veins.

The correct answer is 25mm/sec. EKG paper is commonly used to record the electrical activity of the heart. The speed at which the paper moves determines the time scale of the recorded EKG waveform. The standard speed for EKG paper is 25mm/sec, which means that the paper moves 25mm in one second. This speed allows for accurate measurement and analysis of the electrical signals produced by the heart.

The proper electrode placement for Holter monitoring is on the anterior trunk of the body. This is because the anterior trunk provides the best location for capturing the electrical activity of the heart. Placing the electrodes on the upper extremities or lower limbs may not provide accurate readings, as the signals may be weaker or more distorted in these areas. Similarly, placing the electrodes on the posterior trunk of the body may not capture the electrical activity of the heart effectively. Therefore, the anterior trunk is the most appropriate location for electrode placement during Holter monitoring.

In a second-degree AV block, there is a delay or blockage in the electrical conduction between the atria and ventricles of the heart. This results in a prolonged PR interval on an electrocardiogram (ECG). The PR interval represents the time it takes for the electrical signal to travel from the atria to the ventricles. Therefore, in a second-degree AV block, the PR interval is always wide and consistent. This is why the correct answer is true.

In a second-degree AV block type II, the PR interval is indeed constant. This type of block occurs when some of the electrical signals from the atria fail to reach the ventricles. It is characterized by intermittent failure of the AV node to conduct atrial impulses to the ventricles. In this type of block, some P waves are conducted to the ventricles (resulting in a normal PR interval), while others are not (resulting in a dropped QRS complex). Therefore, the PR interval remains constant in this condition.

Second-degree AV blocks are examples of incomplete AV blocks because in these types of blocks, there is a delay or interruption in the electrical signals between the atria and the ventricles of the heart. This results in some of the atrial impulses not being conducted to the ventricles, leading to a skipped heartbeat or irregular heart rhythm. This incomplete conduction can be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG) as a pattern of dropped or blocked QRS complexes. Therefore, the statement "Second-degree AV blocks are examples of incomplete AV blocks" is true.

AVF stands for "Augmented Vector Foot". It is one of the standard leads used in electrocardiography. The lead is placed on the left foot, and it measures the electrical activity of the heart from the center of the heart to the positive left leg. AVF is important in determining the electrical axis of the heart and can help diagnose various cardiac conditions.

The precordial leads are also known as chest or V leads. These leads are placed on the chest to record the electrical activity of the heart from different angles. They provide a more detailed view of the heart's electrical activity compared to the limb leads, which are placed on the arms and legs. The precordial leads are labeled V1 to V6 and are used to diagnose and monitor various heart conditions.

The QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization. Depolarization is the process in which the electrical charge of the heart muscle cells changes, causing them to contract. The QRS complex is a series of waves on an electrocardiogram (ECG) that indicates the depolarization of the ventricles, which are the lower chambers of the heart. This electrical activity results in the contraction of the ventricles, allowing them to pump blood to the rest of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is ventricular depolarization.

The target heart rate for an exercise stress test is usually calculated as 85% of the maximum heart rate. The maximum heart rate can be estimated by subtracting the person's age from 220. In this case, the patient is 60 years old, so the estimated maximum heart rate is 220 - 60 = 160 beats per minute. Therefore, the target heart rate for this patient would be 85% of 160, which is 136 beats per minute. Since none of the given options match exactly, the closest option would be 140 beats per minute.

The correct answer is Aortic and pulmonic valves. These valves are called semilunar because they have half-moon shaped cusps. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, while the pulmonic valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The half-moon shape of their cusps allows for efficient blood flow and prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles.

In a properly standardized EKG machine, 1mV should produce a deflection of 10mm. This means that when 1 millivolt of electrical activity is recorded by the machine, it will result in a vertical deflection of 10 millimeters on the EKG graph. This deflection is used to measure the magnitude and direction of the electrical signals in the heart, allowing healthcare professionals to analyze the heart's rhythm and detect any abnormalities.

A rate of less than 80 bpm is considered a normal sinus rhythm. This refers to the regular electrical impulses in the heart that result in a normal, steady heartbeat. Sinus bradycardia, on the other hand, is a slower heart rate below 60 bpm, while sinus tachycardia is a faster heart rate above 100 bpm. A-fibrillation is a type of irregular heartbeat characterized by a quivering or chaotic rhythm. Therefore, the correct answer is normal sinus rhythm.

The correct answer is Both B and C. The given information states that Humpty Dumpty's EKG shows a regular heart rate of 58 bpm, but the rhythm is progressively getting longer over 3 cardiac cycles and then it repeats itself. This indicates that the rhythm is abnormal and irregular. Abnormal because it is deviating from the normal pattern of a regular heart rate, and irregular because the length of the rhythm is changing over time. Therefore, the correct answer is Both B and C.

The lead from the right arm to the left leg is known as lead II. This lead is obtained by placing the positive electrode on the left leg and the negative electrode on the right arm. Lead II is commonly used in electrocardiography to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It provides a view of the electrical axis of the heart in the frontal plane and is helpful in diagnosing various cardiac conditions.

The term "occluded" refers to the blocking or obstruction of a blood vessel by a thrombus, which is a blood clot. This can result in restricted or completely halted blood flow through the affected vessel. The other options, "stenotic" and "narrowed," imply a narrowing of the blood vessel but not necessarily a complete blockage. "Patent" refers to a blood vessel that is open and unobstructed. Therefore, "occluded" is the correct term to describe a blocked blood vessel by a thrombus.

T wave changes in an electrocardiogram (ECG) are most pronounced in the precordial (chest) leads, particularly V2 and V3. These leads are located over the left ventricle and are sensitive to changes in repolarization that may reflect ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, or other cardiac conditions. Changes in the T wave, such as inversion or amplitude variations, can be crucial indicators of myocardial ischemia or other cardiac abnormalities.

During a first-degree AV block, the PR intervals are prolonged but still consistent. This means that there is a delay in the conduction of electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, resulting in a longer PR interval on an electrocardiogram. However, the delay is consistent and does not cause the atria and ventricles to beat independently of each other. Therefore, the statement that the PR intervals are completely variable during a first-degree AV block is false.

Patients who have acute chest pain should be given oxygen. Oxygen therapy is essential in managing acute chest pain as it helps to increase the oxygen supply to the heart, reduce the workload on the heart, and relieve symptoms. Oxygen can improve the oxygenation of tissues and organs, including the heart, and can be administered through various methods such as nasal cannula, face mask, or non-rebreather mask. Providing oxygen to patients with acute chest pain can help stabilize their condition and prevent further complications.

Ectopic rhythms refer to abnormal electrical impulses that originate from a site other than the sinus node, which is the normal pacemaker of the heart. These abnormal impulses can disrupt the normal rhythm of the heart, resulting in arrhythmias. Therefore, the correct answer is ectopic rhythms.

The sensitivity switch controls the amplification. Amplification refers to the process of increasing the magnitude of a signal. In the context of the question, the sensitivity switch is used to adjust the level of amplification for the signal being measured. By increasing or decreasing the amplification, the sensitivity switch allows for more or less detail to be captured in the signal, depending on the specific requirements of the measurement.

The correct answer is # of cycles per minute. This is because rate is commonly measured in terms of cycles per unit of time, and in this case, it is specified as cycles per minute. The other options provided are not commonly used units for measuring rate.

The left atrium is responsible for receiving oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins. Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium. From the left atrium, the blood is then pumped into the left ventricle and eventually sent out to the rest of the body through the aorta.

A complete ECG normally consists of 12 leads. Each lead provides a different view of the heart's electrical activity, allowing for a comprehensive assessment of its function. These leads are placed on specific locations on the body to capture different angles and perspectives of the heart's electrical signals. By examining all 12 leads, healthcare professionals can identify abnormalities or irregularities in the heart's rhythm and diagnose various cardiac conditions.

The QRS complex associated with a complete (third-degree) AV block is not always wide. In a complete AV block, there is a complete dissociation between the atria and ventricles, resulting in the ventricles generating their own rhythm. This can lead to a wide QRS complex if the ventricles are depolarizing slowly, but it can also be narrow if the ventricles are depolarizing at a normal rate. Therefore, the statement that the QRS complex is always wide in a complete AV block is false.

The anatomical position refers to the standard position of the body in which it is erect, with the eyes looking forward, feet together, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward. This position is used as a reference point in anatomy and is important for describing the location and relationships of various body structures.

The stylus marks the EKG paper using heat. When the stylus comes into contact with the paper, it generates heat which causes a chemical reaction on the paper's surface, leaving behind a mark. This heat-based marking method allows for precise and accurate recording of the electrical activity of the heart during an electrocardiogram (EKG) test.

The P wave on an EKG (electrocardiogram) corresponds to the electrical activity associated with the depolarization of the atria, which precedes atrial contraction. The depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the QRS complex, and the repolarization of the ventricles is represented by the T wave. The repolarization of the atria is usually not seen on the EKG because it occurs during the QRS complex and is overshadowed by the larger ventricular activity.

Second-degree AV block type I, also known as Wenckebach block, is characterized by a progressive lengthening of the PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped. It is typically a benign condition and does not usually progress to a complete (third-degree) AV block. In fact, second-degree AV block type I often occurs intermittently and can resolve spontaneously without any intervention. Therefore, the statement that it is likely to progress rapidly to a complete AV block without warning is false.

A negative Holter refers to a normal result from a Holter monitor test, which is used to evaluate heart rhythm and detect any abnormalities. In this context, the other options mentioned - pauses, bradycardias or tachycardias, and severe hypertension - are all considered positive findings or abnormalities that may be detected during a Holter test. However, evaluating chest pain in a patient with a normal baseline EKG is not considered a negative Holter because it is a valid reason to perform the test even if the baseline EKG is normal.

Grounding the electrocardiograph is necessary to reduce AC artifact. AC artifact refers to unwanted electrical interference that can be picked up by the electrodes and affect the accuracy of the ECG readings. Grounding helps to eliminate or minimize this interference by providing a path for the unwanted electrical signals to be safely discharged, ensuring that the recorded ECG signals are primarily the result of the heart's electrical activity.

A PR interval measuring less than 0.12 or more than 0.20 seconds indicates that the impulse followed an abnormal pathway or was delayed in the area of the AV node. This abnormality in the conduction system can result in various cardiac arrhythmias and can be indicative of underlying heart conditions. It is important to further evaluate the patient's cardiac function and consider appropriate interventions or treatments based on the findings.

The augmented unipolar extremity leads do not represent the difference in electrical potential between two extremities. Instead, they use the midpoint between two limbs as a negative reference point. Only one electrode from one limb makes a lead, and the amplitude of deflections is increased by 50%.

The limb leads are used in electrocardiography to record electrical activity of the heart. The electrodes and leads are applied to the right and left arms and legs. The right leg does not play a significant role in the production of the electrocardiogram, as it functions as a ground. The electrical potential recorded is not affected by where the electrode is placed in the extremities.

A rhythm strip that has two normal impulses followed by one premature ventricular complex in a repeating pattern is an example of trigeminy. Trigeminy refers to a rhythm where every third beat is a premature ventricular complex, while the first two beats are normal. This pattern repeats consistently throughout the rhythm strip.

The EKG, or electrocardiogram, is a test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. It provides information about the heart's rhythm, conduction disturbances, and the electrical effects of medications and electrolytes. However, it does not provide information about the mechanical (contractile) condition of the myocardium, which refers to the ability of the heart muscle to contract and pump blood effectively. To assess the mechanical condition, other tests such as echocardiography or cardiac MRI may be needed.

The Right Coronary Artery (RCA) supplies oxygenated blood to both the right ventricle and parts of the left ventricle. It primarily supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and the bottom portion (inferior wall) of the left ventricle as well as the back of the septum. Therefore, it plays a critical role in the circulation of oxygenated blood to both ventricles of the heart.

The given answer is incorrect. The left coronary artery primarily supplies oxygenated blood to the left ventricle, not the right ventricle. The left ventricle is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood to the rest of the body, so it requires a rich supply of oxygenated blood from the left coronary artery to perform this function effectively.