Quiz On Urinary System

The functional unit in the kidney is the nephron. The nephron is responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. It consists of a glomerulus, which filters waste products and excess water from the blood, and a tubule, which reabsorbs necessary substances back into the bloodstream and excretes the remaining waste as urine. The nephron plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's fluid balance and regulating the concentration of ions in the blood.

Juxtamedullary nephrons have a longer loop of Henle that extends deeper into the medulla of the kidney compared to cortical nephrons. This anatomical difference allows for a greater concentration gradient to be established in the medulla, which is important for the reabsorption of water and the production of concentrated urine.

The proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing the majority of the glomerular filtrate. This is because it is located closest to the glomerulus and has a highly specialized structure that allows for efficient reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients back into the bloodstream. The proximal convoluted tubule has a large surface area due to its convoluted shape and the presence of microvilli, which increases the absorption capacity. Additionally, it is lined with transport proteins that actively transport substances from the tubule into the bloodstream, ensuring efficient reabsorption.

Alcohol increases urination so it can only be sodium reabsorption and inhibition of ADH. Na reabsorption inhibition is caused by caffeine not alcohol. Alcohol inhibits ADH leading to less reabsorption of water and therefore more dilute urine.

These are controlled mainly at the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts

As blood descends deeper in the medulla, it becomes more concentrated. This is because the medulla of the kidney is responsible for reabsorbing water from the filtrate, which results in a higher concentration of solutes in the blood. Therefore, as the blood travels deeper into the medulla, more water is reabsorbed, leading to a higher concentration of solutes in the blood. This concentration gradient is essential for the formation of concentrated urine.

Slide 40

Active transport. Slide 46

A decrease in the thickness of the filtration membrane would increase glomerular filtration because a thinner membrane would allow for easier passage of substances through it. This would result in an increase in the filtration rate. Additionally, an increased surface area of glomerular capillaries would also increase glomerular filtration as there would be more area available for filtration to occur. This would allow for a greater volume of filtrate to be produced.

Descending limb is permeable to water (this causes water to exit the lumen and be absorbed, concentrating the tubular fluid). It is impermeable to sodium and other ions. The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is the opposite (Impermeable to water and permeable to ions)

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) acts on cells in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron. This hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume or high blood osmolarity. ADH increases the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule to water, allowing more water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This helps to conserve water and concentrate urine.

The correct answer is Net Tubular reabsorption. This is because the filtered load for glucose is 180g/day, but the patient's urine shows a filtered load of only 150g/day. This means that some of the filtered glucose has been reabsorbed back into the bloodstream by the renal tubules, resulting in a lower amount in the urine.

Increases reabsorption of Na. Increases BP. Increases both luminal channels (passive) and basolateral pumps (active). Increase potassium secretion

Protons combine with ammonia to form ammonium. So they are buffered by ammonia NOT ammonium. Dick move I know..

Filtration of blood occurs at the glomerular capillaries (this is basically where blood begins the renal filtration process). Constriction of the afferent arteriole decreases the amount of blood passing through the renal corpuscle and so the filtration rate decreases.

An increase in BP would cause the smooth muscle to be stretched causing the smooth muscle to counteract this stretch by constricting. This causes less blood to flow through the system and maintain a constant GFR

CHP is a pressure acting to push fluid back into the glomerular capillaries. If this pressure increases, less fluid will enter the bowman's capsule (decreased GFR)

The persistent diarrhea points to metabolic acidosis (excessive loss of bicarbonate ions). The deep rapid breathing is the respiratory system compensating the acidosis by decreasing the pCO2 and thereby decreasing H concentration (Increased ventilation increases pO2 and decreases pCO2..this is what the patient's body is doing).

Slide 51 & 52. Glucose transport maximum is about 200 mg/ml.

The nerve supply to the kidney is primarily from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the renal plexus. The sympathetic nerves regulate the blood flow to the kidneys and control the release of renin, which is important for blood pressure regulation. The renal plexus is a network of nerves that innervates the kidneys and is involved in controlling renal blood flow and urine production. The parasympathetic division of the ANS and the enteric nervous system do not play a significant role in the nerve supply to the kidneys.

ADH effects are by inserting aquaporins to directly allow water to exit the nephron. It is facultative.

Antidiuresis = decreased urine formation/water loss. ADH secretion would be increased in order to absorb more water. A more concentrated urine would be formed (due to increased reabsorption of water). There would be a decrease in ANP (ANP decreases blood pressure and ind increases water loss)

In her notes she says type B intercalated cells "secrete HCO3" which makes it seem like the body is gaining HCO3, but they are being secreted into the lumen of the nephron to be excreted (so the body is losing HCO3) and becoming more acidic......---- TYPE B Make the body more acidic. TYPE A make the body more basic.

Diffusion is passive and so it isn't the Na/K pump (which is active). Low capillary hydrostatic pressure is correct because it means there is a decreased outward force from the capillary. High capillary osmotic pressure is correct because it draws water into the capillary. Sodium and other cations follow by diffusion