Anatomy And Physiology Quiz: The Urinary System!

Urea is a waste product that is normally excreted by the kidneys. It is produced in the liver through the breakdown of proteins and is then filtered out of the blood by the kidneys. Urea is a nitrogenous compound that is formed when the body breaks down proteins and amino acids. It is then eliminated from the body through urine. The other options listed, such as glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and carbon dioxide, are not waste products excreted by the kidneys.

The ureter is the correct answer because it is the organ that transports urine from the kidney to the bladder. The urethra is responsible for transporting urine from the bladder out of the body. The descending loop of Henle is a part of the nephron in the kidney and is involved in reabsorption of water and solutes. The renal hilus and renal hilum refer to the same structure, which is the area on the kidney where the blood vessels, nerves, and ureter enter and exit.

The correct order of the filtrate flow starts with the glomerular capsule, where the initial filtration of blood occurs. The filtrate then moves to the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), where reabsorption of water, ions, and nutrients takes place. Next, the filtrate enters the loop of Henle, where further reabsorption and concentration of the urine occur. After that, the filtrate moves to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), where additional reabsorption and secretion of ions and waste products occur. Finally, the filtrate enters the collecting duct, where further concentration and regulation of urine volume occur before it is excreted.

Urinalysis is the correct answer because it refers to the analysis of the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine. This process involves examining the urine sample to detect and diagnose various medical conditions, such as urinary tract infections, kidney diseases, and diabetes. Urinalysis helps in evaluating the overall health and functioning of the urinary system.

The kidney is responsible for several important functions in the body, including the regulation of blood ionic composition, blood volume, and blood pressure. However, it does not play a major role in regulating blood cell size. This function is primarily controlled by the bone marrow, where red blood cells are produced. The kidney's main role is to filter waste products, excess water, and electrolytes from the blood, and maintain a balance of these substances in the body.

Line 'M' in the figure is pointing to the collecting duct. The collecting duct is a part of the nephron in the kidney that plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water and concentration of urine. It receives urine from multiple nephrons and carries it towards the renal pelvis for excretion.

The renal corpuscle is made up of two structures, A and B.

The distal convoluted tubule is located in the kidney. It is a part of the nephron, which is responsible for the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the filtrate produced by the glomerulus. The distal convoluted tubule is situated after the loop of Henle and before the collecting duct. It plays a crucial role in regulating the pH and electrolyte balance of the urine.

Gluconeogenesis is the correct answer because it refers to the process of synthesizing glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids and glycerol. This process occurs mainly in the liver and kidneys when the body needs glucose for energy but does not have enough available from dietary sources. Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose, Glucosamine is a compound involved in the synthesis of proteins and lipids, Glucagon is a hormone that increases blood sugar levels, and Glycine is an amino acid.

The structure of the nephron that filters blood is called the glomerular capsule. This capsule surrounds the glomerulus, which is a network of capillaries in the renal corpuscle. The glomerular capsule plays a crucial role in the filtration of blood, as it allows for the passage of water, ions, and small molecules while preventing the passage of larger molecules like proteins. This filtration process is the first step in urine formation and is essential for maintaining the body's fluid balance and removing waste products from the blood.

The ascending limb of the Loop of Henle is located in the medulla of the kidney. It is responsible for reabsorbing sodium and chloride ions from the filtrate, which helps in maintaining the concentration gradient necessary for urine concentration.

Reabsorption refers to the process where substances are taken back into the body from the filtrate. This occurs primarily in the renal tubules of the kidneys, where certain substances that were initially filtered out during the process of filtration are reabsorbed back into the bloodstream. This allows the body to retain important substances such as water, glucose, and electrolytes, while eliminating waste products.

The alphabet J highlights the corticomedullary junction. This is because the corticomedullary junction is the area where the cortex (outer layer) of the kidney meets the medulla (inner layer) of the kidney. The letter J is the only option that starts with the same sound as "junction," making it the correct answer.

The proximal convoluted tubule is the structure of the nephron that reabsorbs the most substances. This tubule is located right after the glomerular capsule and is responsible for reabsorbing a majority of the filtered substances, such as glucose, amino acids, and water, back into the bloodstream. It has a highly convoluted shape and is lined with microvilli, which increase its surface area for efficient reabsorption. This reabsorption process helps maintain the body's balance of water and electrolytes.

The ascending loop of Henle is impermeable to water. This means that water cannot pass through the ascending loop of Henle and be reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Instead, water is reabsorbed in the descending loop of Henle, which is permeable to water. The impermeability of the ascending loop of Henle to water allows for the concentration of urine, as more solutes are reabsorbed in the ascending loop without water.

Line 'B' in the image is pointing to pedicels. Pedicels are the small finger-like projections that extend from the glomerular capillaries in the kidney. These pedicels form a network of filtration slits, which allow for the passage of small molecules and ions while preventing the passage of larger molecules such as proteins. The pedicels play a crucial role in the filtration process of the glomerulus, helping to regulate the composition of the filtrate that ultimately forms urine.

The portion of the kidney that extends between the renal pyramids is called the renal columns. These columns are made up of cortical tissue and they project into the medulla of the kidney. They serve to separate and support the renal pyramids, which are triangular-shaped structures that contain the nephrons, the functional units of the kidney. The renal columns also contain blood vessels that supply oxygen and nutrients to the renal medulla. Therefore, the correct answer is renal columns.

Line 'C' in the image is pointing to the filtration slit. The filtration slit is a narrow opening between the foot processes of podocytes in the glomerulus of the kidney. It allows for the passage of small molecules and ions into the renal tubules while preventing the passage of larger molecules like proteins. The filtration slit plays a crucial role in the process of filtration in the kidney, allowing for the selective removal of waste products from the blood.

Water accounts for a high percentage of the total volume of urine. The human body is composed of approximately 60% water, and urine is primarily made up of water along with waste products and toxins. The kidneys filter waste from the bloodstream, and water is reabsorbed by the body as needed, resulting in a concentrated urine output. Therefore, it is not surprising that water makes up a large portion, approximately 95%, of the total volume of urine.

Line 'D' in the image is pointing to the basal lamina. The basal lamina is a thin layer of extracellular matrix that underlies and supports the endothelial cells of the glomerulus. It acts as a selective filter, allowing certain substances to pass through while preventing others from entering the glomerular filtrate. The basal lamina plays a crucial role in the filtration process of the glomerulus.

Layer C is the correct answer because it is described as running deep to the peritoneum on the anterior surface of the kidneys. This indicates that layer C is located beneath the peritoneum and is positioned in front of the kidneys. Layers A and B are not mentioned in the given information, so they are not the correct answer.

The correct answer is "tubular fluid". Once fluid enters the proximal convoluted tubule, it is referred to as tubular fluid. This is the term used to describe the fluid that is being processed and modified by the renal tubules in the kidney.

The proximal convoluted tubules in the kidneys are responsible for reabsorbing water and other substances from the filtrate. Out of the total filtered water, the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb approximately 65%. This means that around two-thirds of the water that is initially filtered by the kidneys is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream through this part of the nephron.

Increased secretion of aldosterone would result in an increase of blood sodium. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that helps regulate sodium and potassium levels in the body. When aldosterone levels increase, it causes the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium from the urine and excrete more potassium, leading to an increase in blood sodium levels. This can have various effects on the body, including increased blood volume and blood pressure.

Line 'C' in the image is pointing to the efferent arteriole. The efferent arteriole is a blood vessel that carries blood away from the glomerulus in the kidney. It is responsible for controlling the blood flow and pressure within the glomerulus, which is essential for the filtration of waste products and excess fluids from the blood.

Transcellular reabsorption is the correct answer because it refers to the process in which a substance moves from the fluid in the tubular lumen, across the apical membrane, through the cytosol, and into the interstitial fluid. This process involves the transport of substances through the cells themselves, rather than between cells (paracellular reabsorption). It may involve active transport, depending on the specific substance being reabsorbed. Apical reabsorption is not a commonly used term and does not accurately describe the process described in the question.

The letter K is the correct answer because the statement mentions that each kidney can have anywhere from 8 to 18 of these. Since the letter K is the only option given that falls within this range, it is the most appropriate answer.

Plasma creatinine is a substance that is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. By measuring the level of plasma creatinine in the blood, it is possible to assess kidney function. An increase in plasma creatinine levels indicates a decrease in kidney function, as the kidneys are not effectively filtering and excreting creatinine. Therefore, plasma creatinine is used as a test to measure kidney function.

Line 'A' in the image is pointing to fenestrations. Fenestrations are small pores or openings in the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries. These fenestrations allow for the filtration of small molecules and ions from the blood into the glomerular filtrate, which eventually becomes urine. The presence of fenestrations is a key feature of the glomerular filtration barrier, which regulates the passage of substances based on their size and charge.

The alphabet H highlights the arcuate vein.

The basal lamina is the layer of the filtration membrane that is composed of collagen fibers and proteoglycans in a glycoprotein matrix. It provides structural support and acts as a selective barrier for filtration in the kidney.

The renal capsule is the smooth dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds and protects the kidney. It is also continuous with the outer coat of the ureter, which is the tube that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. The renal capsule provides structural support and helps maintain the shape of the kidney.

Gynaecomastia is the enlargement of breast tissue in males, which is not directly caused by renal failure. Renal failure can lead to various complications such as vitamin D deficiency, anaemia, itchiness, and ankle oedema, but gynaecomastia is not one of them.

The correct order of blood flow in the renal circulation is from the interlobar arteries to the arcuate arteries, then to the glomerular capillaries, and finally to the arcuate veins. This flow allows for filtration of waste products and reabsorption of necessary substances in the kidneys.

Urea recycling refers to the process by which urea is reabsorbed from the renal tubules back into the bloodstream. If this process is impaired or there is an excessive production of urea, it can lead to a build-up of urea in the renal medulla. The renal medulla is the innermost part of the kidney, responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient necessary for urine concentration. A build-up of urea in the renal medulla can disrupt this gradient and impair the kidney's ability to concentrate urine properly.

The correct answer is Lamina propria. Lamina propria is a layer of the ureter that is composed of connective tissue, elastic, and collagen fibers. It is located between the transitional epithelium and the muscular layer of the ureter. The lamina propria provides support and flexibility to the ureter, allowing it to expand and contract during the passage of urine.

The parenchyma is located in option C.

The hilum is the concave indentation on the medial side of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit. The hilum extends into the kidney to form a cavity called the renal sinus. This sinus is lined by the renal capsule and contains the renal pelvis, calyces, blood vessels, nerves, and fat.

Urine formed by the nephrons first drains into the collecting ducts, which are a part of the renal system responsible for transporting urine from the nephrons to the renal pelvis. The collecting ducts play a crucial role in concentrating the urine and maintaining water balance in the body. Therefore, option I is the correct answer as it represents the collecting ducts.

The medullary pyramid is a distinctive structure found within the renal medulla of the kidney. The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney, surrounded by the renal cortex. It is primarily responsible for regulating the concentration of urine and reabsorbing water and solutes from the filtrate produced in the renal cortex.