Surgical Technology Examination Appleton & Lange Pg125-133 CST Exam Prep

Dupuytren's contracture is a progressive disease that affects the palmar fascia, causing the fingers to bend towards the palm and limiting their movement. It is characterized by the formation of thickened cords of tissue in the palm, which gradually contract and pull the fingers towards the palm. This condition is typically painless but can lead to functional impairment. It is more common in older individuals and has been associated with certain risk factors, such as family history, male gender, and certain medical conditions. Treatment options include observation, medication, physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgery.

A temporary biologic dressing is made from porcine material.

Bulky dressings added to the intermediate layer of a three-layer dressing are used to eliminate dead space and immobilize a body part. By filling the dead space, bulky dressings prevent the accumulation of fluid or air, which can hinder the healing process. Immobilizing a body part helps to promote proper alignment and support during the healing process. Concentrating pressure in one area is not a purpose of adding bulky dressings to the intermediate layer.

Healon is a drug that is used as a lubricant and vesicoelastic support during cataract surgery. It helps to maintain separation of tissues before the removal of the lens. This drug is specifically designed for use in ophthalmic surgeries and is commonly used in cataract surgery to create a clear field of vision and facilitate the surgical procedure.

Middle ear ventilation is facilitated by myringotomy. Myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the eardrum to relieve pressure and allow fluid to drain from the middle ear. This procedure is commonly performed to treat conditions such as middle ear infections, fluid buildup, and eustachian tube dysfunction. By creating an opening in the eardrum, myringotomy helps to equalize pressure, improve ventilation, and promote healing in the middle ear.

Septoplasty is the correct answer because it is another name for submucous resection. Submucous resection is a surgical procedure that involves removing a portion of the nasal septum to correct a deviated septum, which can cause breathing difficulties. Rhinoplasty is a different procedure that involves reshaping or resizing the nose. Antrostomy is a procedure that involves creating an opening in the maxillary sinus. Trephination is a procedure that involves creating a hole in the skull.

A trifurcate neck incision is typically done for a radical neck dissection. This surgical procedure involves the removal of lymph nodes and surrounding tissues in the neck to treat or prevent the spread of cancer. The incision is made in such a way that it allows access to the three main areas where lymph nodes are located in the neck - the submandibular, jugulodigastric, and spinal accessory nodes. This approach provides optimal exposure and allows for thorough removal of affected lymph nodes and tissues.

Facial nerve decompression is a surgical procedure that aims to relieve pressure or compression on the facial nerve. Bell's palsy is a condition characterized by sudden weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles, often caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve. Therefore, facial nerve decompression is commonly performed in cases of Bell's palsy to identify and alleviate the compression on the facial nerve, leading to improvement in facial muscle function.

A safer alternative laser retardant endotracheal tube used for CO2 laser surgery of the larynx is made of Copper and Stainless Steel. This is because both Copper and Stainless Steel have high melting points and are resistant to heat, making them suitable materials for use in laser surgery. Silicone, on the other hand, is not a suitable material for laser surgery as it can melt or burn under high temperatures. Therefore, the combination of Copper and Stainless Steel provides a safer option for the endotracheal tube in CO2 laser surgery.

A pressure dressing is used to apply pressure to a wound or injury in order to control bleeding. It helps to prevent edema by reducing swelling, absorbs extensive drainage to keep the wound clean, and distributes pressure evenly to promote healing. Conforming to body contour is not a reason for a pressure dressing as it is not directly related to controlling bleeding or promoting wound healing.

The given correct answer is "prosthesis must be dried completely before implant." This means that this rule is not a part of the guidelines for handling prosthetic devices during plastic surgery procedures. The other three rules mentioned - wiping powder from gloves before handling, using gloves to prevent skin oils from causing an inflammatory response, and placing the prosthesis on a lint-free surface for sterilization - are all important guidelines for handling prosthetic devices during plastic surgery procedures.

A staghorn stone is a type of kidney stone that gets lodged and continues to grow in the renal calyx. The renal calyx is a part of the kidney where urine collects before it flows into the ureter. This type of stone can cause blockage and lead to severe pain and complications if not treated. Therefore, it is important to identify and remove staghorn stones to prevent further damage to the kidney.

To establish a tracheostomy, a midline incision is created in the neck below the cricoid cartilage. The cricoid cartilage is the ring-shaped structure located at the lower part of the larynx, just above the trachea. This cartilage is chosen as the landmark for the incision because it is easily palpable and provides a stable and secure location for the tracheostomy tube. By creating an incision below the cricoid cartilage, the surgeon can safely access the trachea and create an opening for the tracheostomy tube.

The dermatome is not placed on the recipient table during the preparation for a skin graft.

Tetracaine is the most frequently used topical anesthetic for preoperative ocular instillation. It is a local anesthetic that works by blocking nerve signals in the area where it is applied, providing temporary numbness and pain relief. Tetracaine is commonly used in ophthalmology for procedures such as cataract surgery or corneal abrasions. It is preferred due to its rapid onset of action and long duration of effect, making it suitable for use during surgical procedures. Lidocaine and cocaine are also topical anesthetics, but they are not used as frequently as tetracaine in ocular instillation. Dorsacaine is not a commonly used topical anesthetic.

Iridectomy is a surgical treatment for chronic wide angle-closure glaucoma that involves the removal of a portion of the iris. By creating a hole in the iris, it allows for the re-establishment of communication between the posterior and anterior chambers of the eye. This helps to relieve the increased pressure in the eye caused by glaucoma and allows for better fluid drainage, reducing the risk of further damage to the optic nerve.

When using a sterile syringe, it is important for the scrub nurse to never touch the plunger except at the end. This is because the plunger is considered a sterile part of the syringe, and touching it can introduce contaminants and compromise the sterile field. By not touching the plunger, the nurse helps to maintain the sterility of the syringe and minimize the risk of infection for the patient.

Penile condylomata, also known as genital warts, are most successfully removed by laser treatment. Laser therapy uses a focused beam of light to target and destroy the warts, resulting in their removal. This method is highly effective as it precisely targets the affected area without causing damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. Other methods such as dermabrasion, cautery, and ultrasound may also be used for wart removal, but laser treatment has been found to be the most successful in treating penile condylomata.

Resection refers to the surgical procedure of removing a portion of an ocular muscle and then reattaching it. This procedure is commonly performed to correct strabismus, which is a condition where the eyes are misaligned and do not focus on the same point. Recession, on the other hand, involves detaching and repositioning the entire ocular muscle to modify its action. Myomectomy is the removal of a benign tumor or growth from a muscle. Therefore, the correct answer is resection.

A fleshy, triangular encroachment onto the cornea is surgically termed a pterygium.

Following a tonsillectomy, the patient is positioned on their side horizontally. This position helps to prevent aspiration and allows for easy drainage of any blood or secretions that may occur during the procedure. It also helps to minimize the risk of postoperative complications such as bleeding or airway obstruction.

Hemovac would be utilized to maintain drainage postoperatively in radical neck surgery. Hemovac is a closed suction drain that uses negative pressure to remove fluid and prevent accumulation at the surgical site. It is commonly used in surgical procedures to prevent infection and promote healing by removing excess blood and other fluids. The other options, such as Penrose drain, sump drain, and t-tube, are not typically used for drainage in radical neck surgery.

Free jejunal tissue transfers are frequently successful as adjunct surgical revisions following laryngoesophagectomy and esophagectomy. This means that using free jejunal tissue transfers as additional surgical procedures after laryngoesophagectomy and esophagectomy has been found to be successful.

The majority of benign salivary gland tumors occur in the parotid gland.

The transrectus abdominis muscle is utilized to effect a TRAM flap in breast reconstruction. This muscle is located in the abdomen and is commonly used in this surgical procedure to create a flap of tissue that is then used to reconstruct the breast. The transrectus abdominis muscle provides a good source of tissue for breast reconstruction due to its proximity to the breast area and its ability to be easily transferred and shaped into the desired form.

The correct answer is "B and C." Keratoplasty and keratotomy are both procedures that can correct myopia. Keratoplasty involves replacing the cornea with a donor cornea to reshape it and correct the refractive error. Keratotomy, on the other hand, involves making incisions in the cornea to flatten its curvature and reduce myopia. Both procedures aim to correct the shape of the cornea and improve vision for individuals with myopia.

A mastoidectomy is the surgical removal of the mastoid bone, which is located behind the ear. Cholesteatoma is a condition where a cyst or tumor-like growth forms in the middle ear, and it can lead to hearing loss and other complications. One of the most effective treatments for cholesteatoma is a mastoidectomy, as it allows the surgeon to remove the abnormal growth and clean out any infected or damaged tissue. This procedure helps to prevent the spread of infection and restore proper function to the middle ear.

Total laryngectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the entire larynx, which includes the vocal cords, hyoid bone, and strap muscles. However, it does not involve the removal of the soft palate. The soft palate is the flexible part of the roof of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities. Therefore, the correct answer is "soft palate" because it is not included in the total laryngectomy procedure.

CO2 laser is commonly used for surgical procedures involving the larynx and vocal cords. This laser is preferred due to its ability to precisely target and remove abnormal or diseased tissue while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. The CO2 laser operates at a wavelength that is highly absorbed by water, which is abundant in the tissues of the larynx and vocal cords. This allows for efficient and effective cutting, vaporization, and coagulation of tissue, making it an ideal tool for surgical interventions in this area.

A noninvasive process to treat glaucoma by means of a slit lamp is the use of an argon or Nd:YAG laser. This type of laser treatment can help to reduce intraocular pressure in the eye, which is a common symptom of glaucoma. The laser is used to target and treat the trabecular meshwork, a drainage system in the eye that can become blocked in glaucoma patients. By using a slit lamp, the laser can be precisely directed to the affected area without the need for invasive surgery. This type of treatment is considered noninvasive because it does not require any incisions or cutting of the eye tissue.

Labyrinthectomy is the correct answer because it is a surgical procedure that involves removing the inner ear structures responsible for balance and hearing. Severe vertigo, which is a sensation of spinning or dizziness, can be caused by inner ear problems such as Meniere's disease or vestibular schwannoma. Labyrinthectomy is considered when other treatments have failed to relieve vertigo symptoms. By removing the inner ear structures, it eliminates the source of vertigo, providing relief for the patient. Stapedectomy, myringotomy, and endolymphatic shunt are not appropriate treatments for severe vertigo.

In cochlear implantation, the receiver is placed into the mastoid bone of the skull to gather impulses and send them along to the cerebral cortex. The mastoid bone is located behind the ear and is a part of the temporal bone. Placing the receiver in this location allows for optimal transmission of sound signals to the brain, as the mastoid bone is in close proximity to the cochlea, which is responsible for detecting sound vibrations.

The Jansen-Middleton forceps is the instrument used to remove the septal cartilage in a rhinoplasty. This instrument is specifically designed for this purpose and allows for precise and controlled removal of the cartilage. It is commonly used by surgeons during rhinoplasty procedures to reshape the nose and improve its appearance. The other options listed are not the correct instruments for this specific task.

Microtia refers to the absence of the external ear. This means that individuals with microtia are born without a fully developed external ear. This condition can range from a small, underdeveloped ear to a complete absence of the ear. Microtia can occur on one or both sides of the head and is typically a congenital condition. It can affect the appearance and functionality of the ear, leading to hearing loss and other related issues.

The use of distilled water during a highly invasive genitourinary procedure such as a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is prohibited for irrigation because it can potentially cause hemolysis of red blood cells (RBC). Hemolysis refers to the destruction of RBCs, which can lead to the release of hemoglobin and other components into the bloodstream. This can result in various complications, including anemia, kidney damage, and potentially life-threatening conditions. Therefore, it is important to avoid using distilled water for irrigation during TURP to prevent the risk of hemolysis.

Distilled water is used as the irrigating solution in cystoscopy. This is because distilled water is sterile and free from impurities, making it safe for use in medical procedures. It also helps to maintain clear visibility during the procedure by flushing out any debris or blood that may obstruct the view. Glycine, mannitol, and sorbitol are not commonly used as irrigating solutions in cystoscopy.

Miocol solution is prepared for a cataract procedure no more than 30 minutes before the actual instillation. This time frame ensures that the solution remains sterile and effective for the procedure. If the solution is prepared too far in advance, there is a risk of contamination or degradation of the solution's effectiveness. Therefore, it is important to prepare the Miocol solution within a specific time window to ensure optimal results and minimize the risk of complications during the cataract procedure.

Wydase is an enzymatic drug commonly used with anesthetic solutions to increase tissue diffusion. It works by breaking down the extracellular matrix, allowing for better penetration and diffusion of the anesthetic solution into the surrounding tissues. This can enhance the effectiveness of the anesthesia and improve the overall outcome of the procedure.

Hypospadias is a penile defect where the urethra ends on the ventral surface of the penile shaft or in the perineum. This condition is characterized by the abnormal positioning of the urethral opening, which can lead to difficulties in urination and potential complications during sexual intercourse. Epispadias, chordee, and phimosis are all different penile abnormalities but do not involve the same positioning of the urethral opening as hypospadias.

Urethral strictures can be dilated using various methods, including the use of Philips filiform and followers, VanBuren sounds, and McCarthy dilators. However, the Braasch bulb is not typically used for this purpose.

The correct answer is "completely thaw." When using bone allografts during surgery, it is important to culture the graft before implantation to ensure it is free from any infections. Additionally, the graft should be washed with an antibiotic solution to further reduce the risk of infection. However, completely thawing the graft is not a necessary response from the scrub team.

Glaucoma is an eye disease that uses the argon slit lamp with a noninvasive procedure, which if successful, prevents the need for more invasive surgery. This means that the argon slit lamp is used in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, allowing doctors to assess the condition of the eye and potentially avoid the need for more invasive surgical interventions. Cataract, retinal detachment, and pterigium are not associated with the use of the argon slit lamp in this manner.

A 120° degree endoscope is used ONLY in maxillary sinus surgery because it provides a wider field of view and allows for better visualization of the surgical site. The larger angle allows surgeons to navigate through the narrow and complex anatomy of the maxillary sinus more easily, reducing the risk of complications and improving the overall surgical outcome.

Keratoplasty is a procedure performed when the cornea is thickened or opacified. It involves removing the damaged cornea and replacing it with a healthy cornea from a donor. This surgery is commonly used to treat conditions such as corneal scarring, keratoconus, and corneal dystrophies.

A submucous resection is a surgical procedure used to correct a deviated septum. The deviated septum refers to the misalignment of the wall between the nostrils, which can cause breathing difficulties and other nasal problems. During a submucous resection, the surgeon removes or reshapes the deviated portion of the septum to improve nasal airflow and alleviate symptoms. This procedure is commonly performed to address nasal obstruction and is considered a more conservative approach compared to a full rhinoplasty, which involves reshaping the external nose for cosmetic purposes.

A nephrostomy is not considered a permanent urinary diversion because it is a temporary procedure used to drain urine from the kidney when there is an obstruction or blockage in the urinary system. It involves inserting a tube directly into the kidney through the skin to allow urine to bypass the blocked area and be drained externally. In contrast, an ileal conduit, ureterocystostomy, and cutaneous ureterostomy are all permanent urinary diversions that involve surgically creating a new pathway for urine to be eliminated from the body.

Healon is a vesicoelastic drug commonly used in cataract surgery to occupy space in the posterior cavity of the eye. It helps maintain the shape of the eye during surgery and provides a protective barrier. Healon is a clear, viscous substance that is injected into the eye and can be easily removed at the end of the procedure. It is preferred over other options like Alpha-chymotrypsin, mannitol, and Wydase due to its effectiveness and safety profile.

When a tracheostomy tube is inserted, the obturator is quickly removed to allow air to flow through the tube. After the obturator is removed, the trachea may need to be suctioned to remove any secretions or blockages. This is typically done using a catheter, which can be inserted into the trachea to suction out any mucus or debris. The other options listed (Frazier, Poole, Yankauer) are not commonly used for tracheal suctioning.

Pilocarpine is a miotic drug. Miotic drugs are used to constrict the pupil of the eye, which helps in the treatment of conditions like glaucoma. Pilocarpine specifically stimulates the muscles in the iris, causing the pupil to become smaller. Homatropine, atropine, and scopolamine, on the other hand, are mydriatic drugs, which dilate the pupil. Therefore, pilocarpine is the correct answer as it is the only drug mentioned that acts as a miotic.

Ectropion refers to the sagging and eversion (turning outward) of the lower eyelid. This condition causes the eyelid to droop away from the eye, exposing the inner surface of the lid and leading to issues such as excessive tearing, dryness, and irritation. It can be caused by factors like aging, facial nerve paralysis, scarring, or previous eyelid surgery. Treatment options may include lubricating eye drops, eyelid taping, or surgical correction to tighten the eyelid muscles and restore normal positioning.

Molteno implants are used surgically to reduce intraocular pressure. Trabeculectomy is a surgical procedure that involves creating a new drainage channel in the eye to relieve intraocular pressure. Therefore, it is likely that Molteno implants would be used during a trabeculectomy procedure to help reduce intraocular pressure.

Hyaluronidase is a drug that is added to a local ophthalmic anesthetic to increase diffusion. It works by breaking down the hyaluronic acid, which is a gel-like substance that can hinder the diffusion of the anesthetic. By adding hyaluronidase, the gel-like substance is broken down, allowing the anesthetic to spread more easily and effectively. This helps to ensure that the anesthetic reaches the desired area and provides the intended numbing effect.

Miocol is the correct answer because it is a drug used to contract the sphincter of the iris during an intracapsular cataract extraction. This drug helps to minimize the risk of intraoperative iris prolapse and damage during the surgery. It works by causing constriction of the iris muscles, allowing for better visualization and control during the procedure.

During an intranasal antrostomy (antral window), the maxillary sinus is entered. This procedure involves creating an opening in the maxillary sinus to provide drainage and relieve symptoms of sinusitis or other sinus-related conditions. By entering the maxillary sinus, the surgeon can remove any blockages or infected material, improving the patient's symptoms and promoting healing. The ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses are not entered during this specific procedure.

A stent dressing is used to facilitate good contact between a skin graft and the recipient site. It provides support and immobilization to the graft, allowing it to adhere properly and promote healing. This dressing acts as a temporary scaffold, preventing movement and displacement of the graft, which can lead to poor graft take and failure. By maintaining close contact between the graft and recipient site, a stent dressing helps to ensure successful graft integration and optimal healing outcomes.

CO2 and helium-neon lasers are particularly useful in surgery of the larynx and vocal cords because they have different properties that make them suitable for different tasks. The CO2 laser is commonly used for cutting and vaporizing tissue due to its high power and precision. On the other hand, the helium-neon laser is often used for coagulation and reducing bleeding because it has a lower power and can be easily absorbed by blood vessels. Therefore, the combination of these two lasers allows surgeons to perform various procedures effectively and safely in the delicate areas of the larynx and vocal cords.

Pledgets are commonly used during ear surgery to control bleeding. Epinephrine is a medication that constricts blood vessels, reducing blood flow and therefore helping to control bleeding. It is often soaked into pledgets and applied to the surgical site to minimize bleeding during the procedure. Saline, heparin, and thrombin are not typically used for this purpose during ear surgery.

The Garceau tapered tip is used to dilate the ureter. This type of catheter has a tapered tip that allows for easier insertion into the ureter, helping to widen and dilate it. The other options, such as the basket catheter, Braasch bulb, and stent, are not specifically designed for ureteral dilation.

A chalazion is a chronic inflammation of the meibomian gland. The meibomian glands are located in the eyelids and produce an oily substance that helps lubricate the eyes. When these glands become blocked, it can lead to the formation of a chalazion, which is a small bump or lump on the eyelid. This condition is often painless but can cause discomfort and swelling. Treatment options include warm compresses and gentle massage to help unclog the gland, or in some cases, surgical removal may be necessary.

Anterior vitrectomy is the procedure used to correct accidental vitreous loss during a cataract extraction. This involves the removal of the vitreous gel from the anterior chamber of the eye. It is a surgical technique used to prevent complications such as retinal detachment or glaucoma that can occur when vitreous enters the anterior chamber. This procedure allows the surgeon to safely remove the vitreous and restore the normal anatomy of the eye.

Glycerol is a hyperosmotic drug that is given preoperatively solely by oral administration to induce osmotic pressure and reduce intraocular pressure in surgery. It helps to draw fluid out of the eye, reducing pressure and preventing complications during surgery.