Surgical Tech ( Appleton & Lange) Part 1

The gastrocnemius is a muscle located in the calf of the leg. It is responsible for flexing the foot and bending the knee. This muscle is the largest and most prominent muscle in the calf, giving shape and strength to the lower leg. It plays a crucial role in activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

The nucleus pulposus refers to the cushioning mass within an intervertebral disk. It is a gel-like substance located in the center of the disk, surrounded by the annulus fibrosus. Its main function is to absorb shock and provide flexibility to the spine. When a disk ruptures, the nucleus pulposus may herniate or leak out, causing pain and discomfort. Therefore, the correct answer is "cushioning mass within an intervertebral disk."

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped structure in the inner ear that is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. It contains tiny hair cells that are stimulated by the movement of fluid in the cochlea, which then send signals to the brain through the auditory nerve. The other options mentioned, such as the vestibule, semicircular canal, and labyrinth, are also parts of the inner ear, but they are not specifically involved in the process of hearing.

The circle of Willis is a circle of arteries that is located at the base of the brain. It is formed by the joining of several major arteries that supply blood to the brain. This circle of arteries helps to ensure a constant blood supply to the brain, even if there is a blockage or narrowing of one of the arteries. Therefore, the correct answer is "at the base of the brain".

The given letters OD, OU, and LE represent the right eye, both eyes, and left eye respectively. Since the question asks for the left eye, the correct answer is OS, which stands for "oculus sinister" in Latin, meaning left eye.

The correct answer is greater saphenous. The greater saphenous vein is a large superficial vein that starts in the foot and runs up the medial side of the leg, knee, and thigh. It is one of the longest veins in the body and is commonly used for procedures such as vein grafts or for obtaining blood samples.

Diaphoresis refers to the excessive secretion of sweat. It is a physiological response that occurs in order to regulate body temperature. This can happen due to various reasons such as physical activity, stress, fever, or certain medical conditions. The term "diaphoresis" is commonly used in the medical field to describe excessive sweating.

The atrioventricular (A-V) node is responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles in the heart. When the A-V node is activated, it triggers the ventricles to contract, pumping blood out of the heart and into the rest of the body. This contraction is necessary for the heart to effectively circulate blood and maintain proper blood flow throughout the body. Therefore, the correct answer is ventricular contraction.

A rounded protuberance found at a point of articulation with another bone is called a condyle. Condyles are commonly found in joints such as the knee, elbow, and jaw. They serve as points of attachment for ligaments and tendons, allowing for movement and stability in the joint.

Cross-matching of blood determines the suitability of a donor by mixing the donor's red blood cells (RBCs) with the recipient's serum. This is done to check for compatibility and to ensure that the recipient's immune system will not react negatively to the donor's blood. By observing any agglutination or clumping of the RBCs, healthcare professionals can determine if the donor and recipient are a good match. This process helps prevent potential complications and adverse reactions during blood transfusions.

The lens is a transparent structure in the eye that helps to focus incoming light rays onto the retina, which is the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It plays a crucial role in the process of vision by adjusting its shape to allow for the proper focusing of light onto the retina. The cornea, sclera, and retina also have important functions in the eye, but they do not specifically contribute to the focusing of light onto the retina like the lens does.

A cystocele refers to a condition where the urinary bladder protrudes into the vagina. This occurs due to weakening of the muscles and tissues that support the bladder, causing it to herniate or bulge into the vaginal wall. It is a common condition in women, especially after childbirth or with age. Symptoms may include urinary incontinence, frequent urination, and a sensation of pelvic pressure. Treatment options range from pelvic floor exercises to surgical repair, depending on the severity of the cystocele.

The jugular veins are responsible for draining the veins of the head and neck. These veins are located on both sides of the neck and they receive blood from various parts of the head, face, and neck. They then transport this deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The basilic vein is a large vein in the upper arm, the cephalic vein is another vein in the arm, and the azygos vein is a vein that drains the thoracic region. None of these veins are specifically responsible for draining the veins of the head and neck.

The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone in the lower leg. It is commonly known as the shinbone and is located on the inside of the leg. The tibia plays a crucial role in supporting the body's weight and providing stability during activities such as walking, running, and standing. It is connected to the fibula, a smaller bone in the lower leg, and together they form the structure of the lower leg. The humerus and talus are bones found in the upper arm and foot respectively, and are not part of the lower leg.

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is responsible for conducting air to and from the lungs. It serves as a passageway for air to enter the respiratory system during inhalation and for air to exit during exhalation. The trachea is lined with tiny hair-like structures called cilia, which help to filter out any foreign particles or debris from the air before it reaches the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is that the function of the trachea is to conduct air to and from the lungs.

The rectus abdominis is the correct answer because it is the abdominal muscle that originates at the pubic bone and ends in the ribs. It is a long, flat muscle that runs vertically along the front of the abdomen and is responsible for flexing the spine and compressing the abdominal contents. The transversus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique are also abdominal muscles, but they do not originate at the pubic bone and end in the ribs.

The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the neck between the mandible and the larynx. It serves as a support for the tongue and provides attachment for some of its muscles. It is not directly connected to any other bone in the body, making it unique. Its position and function allow it to play a crucial role in swallowing and speech production.

The periosteum is the membrane that covers bone. It is a thin layer of connective tissue that surrounds the outer surface of bones, providing protection and support. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and cells that are involved in bone growth and repair. The periosteum also serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons, helping to anchor them to the bone. Overall, the periosteum plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and function of the skeletal system.

The iris is the structure that is seen from the outside as the colored portion of the eye. It is responsible for controlling the size of the pupil and regulating the amount of light that enters the eye. The iris contains pigmented cells that give it its color and can vary in color from person to person. It also helps to protect the internal structures of the eye from harmful UV radiation.

The intercostal muscles are important in respiration because they are located between the ribs and help to expand and contract the chest cavity during breathing. When we inhale, the intercostal muscles contract, causing the ribs to move upward and outward, which increases the volume of the chest cavity and allows the lungs to expand and fill with air. When we exhale, the intercostal muscles relax, allowing the ribs to move downward and inward, which decreases the volume of the chest cavity and helps to expel air from the lungs.

The jelly-like substance in the posterior cavity of the eye is called the vitreous humor. It is a clear, gel-like substance that fills the space between the lens and the retina. The vitreous humor helps maintain the shape of the eye, provides support to the retina, and helps transmit light to the retina for vision. It also helps absorb shock and protect the delicate structures of the eye. The other options listed, choroid, palpebra, and aqueous humor, are not correct because they do not refer to the jelly-like substance in the posterior cavity of the eye.

The correct answer is pericardium. The pericardium is a serous membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. It consists of two layers: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium. The serous pericardium has two layers as well: the parietal layer, which lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer, also known as the epicardium, which covers the surface of the heart. The pericardium helps to prevent friction between the heart and surrounding structures and also provides support and protection to the heart.

Petechiae are tiny red or purple spots on the skin that occur due to small hemorrhages within the dermal or submucosal layers. These spots are caused by the leakage of blood from capillaries, resulting in pinpoint-sized bruises.

The trigeminal nerve is the great sensory nerve of the face and head. It is responsible for providing sensation to the skin of the face, the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth, and the surface of the eyes. It also controls the muscles involved in chewing and jaw movements. The other options, trochlear, oculomotor, and hypoglossal, are all cranial nerves but they are not specifically responsible for the sensory innervation of the face and head.

The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, memory, and perception. It is divided into two hemispheres and is composed of various lobes that control different functions. The cerebrum plays a crucial role in voluntary movement, language processing, problem-solving, and decision-making. It also houses the sensory and motor areas that receive and transmit information to and from the body. Overall, the cerebrum is essential for complex mental processes and is the main center for intelligence and consciousness.

A connective tissue band that holds bones together is called a ligament. Ligaments are strong and flexible structures that connect bones to other bones in a joint, providing stability and support. They help to prevent excessive movement and maintain the proper alignment of the bones. Unlike cartilage, tendons, and joints, ligaments specifically serve the purpose of connecting bones together.

The conjunctiva is a membrane that covers the anterior globe of the eye, which means it covers the front part of the eyeball. However, it does not cover the cornea, which is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the iris and pupil. Therefore, the conjunctiva is the covering of the anterior globe except the cornea.

The superior and inferior mesenteric arteries are responsible for supplying blood to the intestines. These arteries branch off from the abdominal aorta and ensure that the intestines receive an adequate supply of oxygenated blood. This is crucial for the proper functioning of the intestines, as they play a vital role in digestion and nutrient absorption. Without a sufficient blood supply, the intestines would not be able to perform their functions effectively, leading to various digestive issues and potential complications. Therefore, the correct answer is intestines.

The coronary arteries supply blood to the heart. These arteries branch off from the aorta, which is the main artery of the body. The coronary arteries ensure that the heart muscle receives a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients, allowing it to function properly. Without the coronary arteries, the heart would not be able to pump blood effectively, leading to various cardiovascular problems.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the tiny bones in the middle ear, known as the ossicles, which amplify the sound and transmit it to the inner ear. Therefore, the correct answer is the tympanic membrane.

The bones of the palm of the hand are referred to as metacarpals. Metacarpals are the long bones that connect the wrist bones (carpals) to the finger bones (phalanges). There are five metacarpals in each hand, numbered from 1 to 5 starting from the thumb side. These bones provide stability and support to the hand, allowing for various movements and functions. The term "metacarpals" is commonly used in anatomy to specifically refer to the bones in the palm region of the hand.

The term "adnexa" refers to accessory organs. Adnexa are structures that are closely associated with or connected to a main organ, but are not a part of the organ itself. In medical terminology, the term adnexa is commonly used to refer to the accessory organs of the uterus, such as the fallopian tubes and ovaries. These organs are not directly a part of the uterus, but are closely related and function together with it. Therefore, the correct answer is "accessory organs".

The cranial nerve that contains special sense fibers for hearing as well as for balance is the VIII cranial nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve. This nerve is responsible for transmitting auditory information from the cochlea to the brain, allowing us to perceive sound. It also carries information related to balance and spatial orientation from the vestibular system to the brain, helping us maintain our equilibrium.

The correct answer is the median cubital vein. This vein is commonly used as a site for venipuncture because it is large, easily accessible, and does not tend to move during the procedure. It is located in the bend of the elbow, where it is close to the surface of the skin, making it easier to locate and puncture. Additionally, the median cubital vein is less likely to cause complications such as nerve damage or arterial puncture compared to other veins in the area.

The fonral, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes are divisions of the cerebrum. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher-level functions such as cognition, sensory perception, and voluntary movement. The frontal lobe is involved in decision-making and motor control, the temporal lobe is responsible for auditory processing and memory, the parietal lobe is involved in sensory perception and spatial awareness, and the occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing. Therefore, the correct answer is cerebrum.

The bone that is shaped like a butterfly and forms the anterior portion of the base of the cranium is the sphenoid. The sphenoid bone is located at the middle part of the skull and forms part of the floor of the cranial cavity. It is butterfly-shaped, with a central body and wings that extend laterally. The sphenoid bone is important as it helps to support the brain, forms part of the eye sockets, and provides attachment points for various muscles and ligaments.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is produced in the ventricles of the brain and circulates throughout the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, which are two of the three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. CSF circulates freely in this space, providing cushioning and support for the brain and spinal cord. The other options, such as the arachnoid space, pia mater, and subdural space, are not the correct answers as CSF does not circulate freely in those spaces.

Atresia refers to the absence or abnormal closure of a body opening, duct, or canal. This condition can occur in various parts of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, ear, or reproductive system. It can be congenital or acquired, and it may cause symptoms depending on the affected area. Atresia is the most appropriate term to describe the absence of a normal body opening, duct, or canal.

Serous membranes are the correct answer because they are the membranes that line closed cavities within the body. These membranes secrete a fluid called serous fluid, which helps to reduce friction between organs and allows them to move smoothly. Examples of serous membranes include the pleura (lining the lungs), pericardium (lining the heart), and peritoneum (lining the abdominal cavity). Mucous membranes, on the other hand, line body surfaces that are open to the external environment, such as the respiratory and digestive tracts. Fascial and skeletal membranes are not terms commonly used in anatomy and physiology.

A differential count is a laboratory test that measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell in a person's blood sample. This test is important because it helps to identify and diagnose various medical conditions such as infections, allergies, autoimmune disorders, and certain types of cancers. By analyzing the percentages of different white blood cell types, healthcare professionals can gain valuable insights into a person's immune system function and overall health. Therefore, the correct answer is "the percentage of each type of white cell."

The cerebellum is responsible for maintaining balance and muscle tone, as well as coordinating voluntary muscle movements. It receives information from sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to help regulate and fine-tune motor movements. The cerebrum, on the other hand, is involved in higher-order functions such as thinking, memory, and perception. The midbrain and pons are also parts of the brain, but they have different functions and are not primarily responsible for balance and muscle coordination.

The upper, flaring portion of the hipbone is called the ilium. The ilium is one of the three bones that make up the hipbone, along with the ischium and pubis. It is the largest and most superior bone of the hip, forming the prominence of the hip and providing support for the abdominal muscles. The ilium also serves as the attachment site for various muscles of the hip and thigh.

The correct answer is visceral pleura. The question states that the lungs are covered in a serous membranous sac. The term "visceral" refers to the organs themselves, so the visceral pleura would be the membrane directly covering the lungs. The other options, bronchial pleura, pulmonary pleura, and parietal pleura, do not accurately describe the membrane covering the lungs.

The parietal bones are the correct answer because they are the two bones that form the side walls and the roof of the cranium. They are located on the top and sides of the skull and join together at the sagittal suture in the middle. The frontal bones form the forehead, the occipital bones form the back of the skull, and the temporal bones are located on the sides and base of the skull.

The levator ani is one of the principal muscles of the pelvic floor. It is a broad, thin muscle that forms the majority of the pelvic diaphragm. The levator ani muscle is responsible for supporting the pelvic organs, such as the bladder, uterus, and rectum. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining continence and controlling the opening and closing of the anus.

Collateral circulation refers to the circulation that is established through an anastomosis (connection) between two vessels supplying or draining two adjacent structures. This allows for an alternative route for blood flow in case of a blockage or obstruction in one of the vessels. It helps to maintain blood supply to the tissues and organs, preventing ischemia (lack of blood flow) and tissue damage. Portal circulation refers to the circulation of blood from the digestive organs to the liver, systemic circulation refers to the circulation of blood throughout the body, and pulmonary circulation refers to the circulation of blood between the heart and lungs.

The number of pairs of spinal nerves is 31. This is because the spinal cord is divided into different segments, and each segment is associated with a pair of spinal nerves. There are 31 segments in the spinal cord, each with its own pair of nerves. These spinal nerves are responsible for transmitting sensory and motor signals between the spinal cord and the rest of the body.

The pharynx is the correct answer because it serves as a common passageway for both food and liquids to enter the digestive system and air to enter the respiratory system. It is located behind the oral and nasal cavities and connects to the esophagus and trachea. The epiglottis, larynx, and trachea are all related structures involved in the respiratory system, but they do not function as the primary passageway for foods and liquids.

The azygos vein is responsible for draining the veins of the chest wall and empties into the superior vena cava. It is a major vein in the body that helps to return deoxygenated blood from the chest and abdominal walls back to the heart. The hepatic vein drains blood from the liver, the cephalic vein is located in the arm, and the basilic vein is found in the upper limb. Therefore, the azygos vein is the correct answer for this question.

The adult vertebral column consists of 26 bones. It is made up of 24 individual vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. The vertebral column provides support and protection for the spinal cord, and allows for flexibility and movement of the torso. Each vertebra is separated by intervertebral discs, which act as shock absorbers. The vertebral column is divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal, with each region having a specific number of vertebrae.