Surg Tech:Appleton And Lang:Q1-250

Epistaxis refers to the medical condition of bleeding from the nose. It is a common condition that can occur due to various causes such as trauma, nasal infections, allergies, high blood pressure, and blood clotting disorders. The term "epistaxis" is derived from the Greek words "epi" meaning "above" or "upon" and "staxis" meaning "a dripping" or "a dropping". Therefore, the correct answer for this question is "Bleeding from the nose".

Ischemic is defined as a decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ. This explanation accurately describes the term and its meaning. It indicates that ischemic refers to a condition where there is a reduced flow of oxygenated blood to a specific body part or organ, which can lead to tissue damage and other complications.

Sebaceous glands are the oil glands of the skin. These glands are responsible for producing sebum, an oily substance that helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin. Sebum also helps to keep the skin moisturized and protect it from external factors such as bacteria and fungi. Sebaceous glands are found all over the body, except for the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. They are particularly abundant on the face, scalp, and upper back.

Sodium bicarbonate is a drug used to treat metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body, leading to a decrease in blood pH. Sodium bicarbonate works by neutralizing the excess acid and restoring the pH balance. It is commonly used in emergency situations or for individuals with conditions such as kidney disease or diabetic ketoacidosis. Inderal, Pronestyl, and Isuprel are not used to treat metabolic acidosis, making sodium bicarbonate the correct answer.

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Obstructive jaundice is a condition characterized by the yellow tinge in the skin. This discoloration is caused by the accumulation of bilirubin in the blood and tissues. Bilirubin is a yellow pigment that is produced when red blood cells are broken down. In obstructive jaundice, the flow of bile from the liver is blocked, leading to the buildup of bilirubin. This excess bilirubin then gets deposited in the skin, causing the characteristic yellow color.

A ganglion is a collection of nerve endings. It is a specialized structure that contains a cluster of nerve cell bodies and serves as a relay station for transmitting signals between different parts of the nervous system. Ganglia can be found in various locations throughout the body and play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating neural activity.

The periosteum is a fibrous connective tissue sheath that covers the surface of bones. It serves as a protective layer and is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the bone cells. The periosteum also plays a role in bone repair and growth.

Mixing of incompatible bloods may result in agglutination. Agglutination refers to the clumping together of red blood cells due to the reaction between antibodies and antigens on the surface of the cells. When incompatible blood types are mixed, the antibodies in the recipient's blood react with the antigens on the donor's red blood cells, causing them to clump together. This can lead to serious complications such as organ damage, blood clots, and even death. Therefore, it is crucial to match blood types properly before any blood transfusion to prevent agglutination and its associated risks.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium commonly found in the nose and mouth of humans. It is easily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. This bacterium can also be spread through direct contact with infected nasal secretions or saliva. Therefore, the most likely mode of transmission for Staphylococcus aureus is through the nose and mouth.

The vocal cords are located in the larynx. The larynx, also known as the voice box, is a part of the respiratory system located in the throat. It is responsible for producing sound by controlling the flow of air through the vocal cords. The vocal cords themselves are two bands of tissue that vibrate to create sound when air passes over them. Therefore, the correct answer is larynx.

Blood gas analysis is commonly referred to as ABG, which stands for arterial blood gas analysis. This test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as the pH and bicarbonate levels. It is used to assess respiratory and metabolic function and diagnose conditions such as respiratory failure, acid-base imbalances, and electrolyte disorders. ABG is an important tool in critical care settings and helps healthcare professionals make informed decisions about patient treatment and management.

The epiphyses refer to the ends of long bones. These are the parts of the bones that are responsible for the growth and development of the bone. They contain specialized cells called osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation. The epiphyses also contain red marrow, which is responsible for the production of blood cells. The ends of long bones are important for providing stability and support to the skeletal system.

The white outer layer of the eyeball is called the sclera. The sclera is a tough, fibrous tissue that covers most of the eyeball and provides protection and support to the delicate structures within the eye. It is the visible part of the eyeball that gives the eye its white color. The conjunctiva is a thin, transparent membrane that covers the sclera and the inner surface of the eyelids. The choroid is a layer of blood vessels that nourishes the retina, which is the innermost layer of the eye responsible for detecting light and sending visual signals to the brain.

The appendix is a small, finger-shaped pouch located at the beginning of the large intestine. It is attached to the cecum, which is the first part of the large intestine. The cecum acts as a storage pouch for waste material before it moves into the colon for further digestion and absorption. The appendix is a vestigial organ and its exact function is still not completely understood, but it is believed to play a role in the immune system.

Gentamicin is the correct answer because it is an antibiotic commonly used intra-operatively. It belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics and is effective against a wide range of bacteria. It is commonly used to prevent or treat infections during surgical procedures. Diazepam is a benzodiazepine used as a sedative, Ketoralac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and Cyclogyl is a mydriatic agent used to dilate the pupil.

Osteomyelitis is the correct answer because it refers to an infection of the bone. It is a serious condition caused by bacteria or fungi entering the bone through the bloodstream, open fractures, or surgical procedures. Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and osteomalacia are not infections but rather different bone-related conditions. Osteoarthritis is the degeneration of joint cartilage, while osteoporosis is the loss of bone density, and osteomalacia is the softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

The deltoid muscle is the triangular muscle of the shoulder that abducts the arm. It is located on the outer side of the shoulder and is responsible for lifting the arm away from the body. The biceps brachii and triceps brachii are muscles located in the upper arm and are responsible for flexing and extending the forearm, respectively. The serratus anterior is a muscle located on the side of the chest and is responsible for protracting the scapula.

The normal adult has an average number of leukocytes, or white blood cells, per cubic millimeter of circulating blood ranging from 5,000 to 10,000. Leukocytes play a crucial role in the immune system, defending the body against infections and diseases. This range is considered normal and indicates a healthy immune response.

Petechiae are tiny red or purple spots on the skin that occur due to small hemorrhages within the dermal or submucosal layers. They are caused by the leakage of blood from capillaries into the surrounding tissues. Peyronies is a condition that causes the penis to curve, Purigos refers to a group of skin disorders, and Pityriasis Rosea is a common skin condition characterized by a rash. Therefore, the correct answer is Petechiae.

The tibia is the larger, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is located on the inner side of the leg and is responsible for supporting the body's weight and transmitting it to the foot. The tibia is essential for stability and movement, as it connects the knee joint to the ankle joint. It is commonly referred to as the shinbone and plays a crucial role in walking, running, and other weight-bearing activities.

Microbial death occurs when an organism is no longer capable of reproduction. This means that the organism has lost its ability to produce offspring or replicate itself, leading to the end of its life cycle. This can happen due to various factors such as damage to essential cellular components, depletion of necessary nutrients, exposure to harmful substances, or other adverse conditions that prevent the organism from carrying out its reproductive processes. Once an organism loses its ability to reproduce, it is considered dead.

Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterial pathogen that commonly invades and damages the skin. It is known to cause various skin infections such as boils, cellulitis, and impetigo. Staphylococcus aureus is able to penetrate the skin through cuts or wounds, leading to infection and inflammation. It produces toxins that contribute to tissue damage and can also cause systemic infections if it enters the bloodstream. Therefore, Staphylococcus aureus is a likely candidate for a bacterial pathogen that frequently invades and damages the skin.

The correct answer is calf of the leg because the gastrocnemius muscle is located in the calf region of the leg. It is one of the largest muscles in the body and plays a crucial role in movements such as walking, running, and jumping. The gastrocnemius muscle is responsible for flexing the foot and pointing the toes, and it works in conjunction with other muscles to provide stability and strength to the lower leg.

The Eustachian tube is the structure that connects the middle ear and the throat. It allows the eardrum to vibrate freely by equalizing the pressure on both sides of the eardrum. This tube helps regulate the pressure in the middle ear and allows for the drainage of fluids.

There are 7 cervical vertebrae in the human body. The cervical vertebrae are located in the neck region and are numbered C1 to C7. These vertebrae provide support and flexibility to the neck, allowing for movement and protecting the spinal cord.

The trigeminal nerve is the great sensory nerve of the face and head. It is responsible for transmitting sensations such as touch, pain, and temperature from the face to the brain. It also controls the muscles involved in chewing. The other options, trochlear, oculomotor, and hypoglossal, are all cranial nerves that have different functions and do not primarily serve as sensory nerves for the face and head.

The greater saphenous vein is a large superficial vein that starts in the foot and runs up the medial side of the leg, knee, and thigh. It is commonly used for procedures such as vein harvesting for coronary artery bypass grafting. The femoral vein is a deep vein located in the thigh, the iliac vein is a deep vein located in the pelvis, and the popliteal vein is a deep vein located behind the knee.

The correct answer is "Visceral." The lungs are covered by a serous membranous sac called the visceral pleura. The visceral pleura is the inner layer of the pleural membrane that directly covers the lungs, while the parietal pleura is the outer layer that lines the inner surface of the chest wall and diaphragm. The bronchial pleura refers to the pleura around the bronchi, and the pulmonary pleura does not exist.

The nucleus pulposus is the cushioning mass within an intervertebral disk. It is a gel-like substance located in the center of the disk that provides shock absorption and allows flexibility in the spine. It helps to distribute the forces and pressures exerted on the spine during movement, preventing damage to the vertebrae and surrounding structures.

The brain contains four fluid-filled spaces called ventricles. These ventricles are interconnected and play a crucial role in the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, which helps protect and support the brain. The ventricles also contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis by providing nutrients and removing waste products.

The pacemaker of the heart that synchronizes and regulates the contractions is called the sinoatrial node. It is located in the right atrium and generates electrical impulses that initiate the heartbeat. These impulses spread throughout the atria, causing them to contract, and then reach the atrioventricular node, which delays the signal before transmitting it to the ventricles. The atrioventricular bundle and Purkinje fibers then distribute the electrical impulses to the ventricular muscles, causing them to contract as well. However, the main pacemaker responsible for initiating the heartbeat is the sinoatrial node.

The foramen magnum is a large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. It is located in the occipital bone and allows for the connection between the brain and the spinal cord. The other options, such as ossicle, hypoglossal canal, and foramen ovale, are not related to the opening through which the spinal cord passes.

The correct answer is Vitreous humor. The vitreous humor is a jelly-like substance that fills the posterior cavity of the eye. It helps maintain the shape of the eye and provides support to the retina, which is essential for clear vision. The vitreous humor also helps transmit light to the retina and plays a role in maintaining the overall health of the eye.

The cranial nerve that contains special sense fibers for hearing as well as for balance is the VIII cranial nerve, also known as the vestibulocochlear nerve. This nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the inner ear to the brain, allowing us to perceive sounds and maintain our balance and spatial orientation. It consists of two branches, the cochlear branch for hearing and the vestibular branch for balance.

The rectus abdominis is the abdominal muscle that originates at the pubic bone and ends in the ribs. It is a long, flat muscle that runs vertically down the front of the abdomen. Its main function is to flex the trunk, bringing the ribcage closer to the pelvis. It also helps to stabilize the pelvis during movements such as walking or running. The transversus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique muscles are also abdominal muscles, but they do not originate at the pubic bone and end in the ribs.

The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling the respiratory center in the brain. It is located at the base of the brainstem and plays a vital role in regulating essential functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. The medulla oblongata receives signals from the respiratory muscles and adjusts the rate and depth of breathing accordingly. It also helps in coordinating the muscles involved in respiration, ensuring the proper exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the body.

The cochlea is the correct answer because it is a winding, cone-shaped tube located in the inner ear. It is responsible for converting sound vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain. The cochlea contains thousands of tiny hair cells that detect different frequencies of sound and send signals to the auditory nerve.

The correct answer is "Needles should ALWAYS be recapped." This statement is incorrect because according to the CDC guideline, needles should not be recapped after use to prevent accidental needlestick injuries. Recapping needles increases the risk of needlestick injuries and should be avoided.

A rounded protuberance found at a point of articulation with another bone is called a condyle. Condyles are typically smooth and rounded, allowing for smooth movement and articulation between bones. They can be found in various joints throughout the body, such as the knee, jaw, and spine.

MRI stands for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. It is a radiographic procedure that uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to generate detailed images of the body's internal structures. Unlike other imaging techniques, MRI has the ability to produce images in multiple planes, allowing for a more comprehensive and detailed view of the anatomy. This is achieved by manipulating the magnetic field and radio waves to obtain images in different orientations. Therefore, MRI is the correct answer to the question.

The correct answer is "Hiatus." The hiatus refers to the point where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm. It is a small opening that allows the esophagus to connect with the stomach. This anatomical structure is important for the passage of food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. The other options, Meatus, Sphincter, and Fundus, do not accurately describe the point at which the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm.

BSS, also known as Balanced Salt Solution, is an agent used during surgery to keep the cornea moist and for irrigation purposes. It is a sterile solution that closely resembles the composition of tears and is used to maintain the health and hydration of the cornea during surgical procedures. BSS helps to prevent drying and damage to the cornea, ensuring optimal conditions for the surgeon to work and reducing the risk of complications.

The tympanic membrane, also known as the eardrum, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear. When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the tympanic membrane to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where they are amplified and conducted to the inner ear. The inner ear is responsible for converting these vibrations into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the brain as sound. Therefore, the correct answer is the tympanic membrane.

Cross-matching of blood is a process used to determine the compatibility between a potential blood donor and a recipient. It involves mixing the donor's red blood cells (RBCs) with the recipient's serum. If the recipient's antibodies react with the donor's RBCs, it indicates an incompatible match, which could lead to a transfusion reaction. Therefore, this process determines the suitability of the donor by assessing whether the recipient's serum will react with the donor's RBCs, ensuring a safe and compatible blood transfusion.

The bones of the palm of the hand are referred to as metacarpals. The metacarpals are the long bones that connect the wrist bones (carpals) to the bones of the fingers (phalanges). They form the framework of the palm and provide stability and support for the hand. The metacarpals also play a crucial role in the movement and flexibility of the hand, allowing for various hand functions such as grasping and manipulating objects. The term "metacarpals" is commonly used in anatomy to specifically describe these bones in the palm.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is produced in the ventricles of the brain and circulates throughout the central nervous system. The subarachnoid space is the area between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, which are two of the layers that make up the meninges, the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. CSF flows freely within the subarachnoid space, providing cushioning and support to the brain and spinal cord. Therefore, the correct answer is the subarachnoid space.

A differential count provides an estimate of the percentage of each type of white cell in the blood. This count is used to identify and diagnose various types of infections, diseases, and disorders. By analyzing the proportions of different types of white blood cells, healthcare professionals can gather important information about the immune system and overall health of an individual.

Neo-Synephrine is a mydriatic drug, which means it is used to dilate the pupil. This drug works by stimulating the dilator muscle in the iris, causing the pupil to enlarge. This dilation can be beneficial in various medical procedures, such as eye examinations or surgeries, as it allows for better visualization of the interior of the eye. Therefore, the correct answer is "Dilate the pupil."

Atresia refers to the absence or abnormal closure of a body opening, duct, or canal. This condition can occur in various parts of the body, such as the gastrointestinal tract, reproductive system, or ear. It can be congenital or acquired, and it may cause obstruction or blockage of the affected area. Atresia is different from other options provided: Atrophia refers to wasting or degeneration of tissues, Atrichia refers to the absence of hair, and Ataxia refers to lack of muscle coordination.