Medical Term Quiz Questions Part - 25

Explanation
Coffee is not a known precipitant for an acute attack of gout. Gout is a type of arthritis that occurs due to the buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints. Certain dietary factors, such as fructose sweetened drinks and alcohol, can increase the risk of a gout attack. Trauma or injury to the affected joint can also trigger an acute gout attack. However, there is no evidence to suggest that coffee consumption is associated with an increased risk of gout attacks.

Explanation
The frontal sinus is the correct answer because it is one of the paranasal sinuses located in the frontal bone, which is situated above the eyes and behind the forehead. An osteoma is a benign bone tumor, and when it occurs in the frontal sinus, it is referred to as an ivory osteoma. Therefore, if a patient is experiencing symptoms related to an ivory osteoma, such as facial pain or sinusitis, the frontal sinus would be the most likely location for the tumor.

Explanation
The oval window is covered by the stapes foot plate. The oval window is a membrane-covered opening that connects the middle ear to the inner ear. It is located in the bony wall between the middle ear and the cochlea of the inner ear. When sound waves enter the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate, the vibrations are transmitted through the ossicles (including the stapes) to the oval window. This causes fluid in the cochlea to move, stimulating the hair cells and allowing for the perception of sound.

Explanation
Incidence can be calculated by prospective study. A prospective study is a research design that follows a group of individuals over a period of time to determine the occurrence of a specific outcome or disease. It involves collecting data in real-time and observing the participants for the development of the outcome of interest. By following individuals forward in time, researchers can accurately calculate the incidence, which is the number of new cases of a disease or outcome that occur within a specific population over a given time period.

Explanation
Myotonia congenita is a type of myopathy that primarily affects the muscles in the distal parts of the body, such as the hands and feet. Unlike other types of myopathy, which mainly involve proximal muscle groups, myotonia congenita specifically affects the muscles' ability to relax after contracting. This condition is characterized by muscle stiffness and difficulty in initiating movements. Therefore, the correct answer is Myotonia congenita.

Explanation
Hamman-Rich syndrome, also known as acute interstitial pneumonia, is a rare and severe form of lung disease. It is characterized by rapid onset of respiratory distress and lung inflammation. The mainstay of treatment for this condition is the use of steroids, such as prednisone or methylprednisolone. Steroids help to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response, which can alleviate symptoms and prevent further lung damage. Other treatment options, such as vitamin B6, vitamin B2, and INH, are not effective in treating this specific condition.

Explanation
Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, leading to poor oxygen exchange and retention of carbon dioxide in the body. This causes an imbalance in the body's pH levels, resulting in respiratory acidosis. In respiratory acidosis, there is an increase in carbon dioxide levels and a decrease in pH. DKA (Diabetic Ketoacidosis) is a metabolic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels and the production of ketones, which can cause metabolic acidosis. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can lead to respiratory acidosis due to impaired gas exchange. Barbiturates, a type of sedative, can depress the respiratory system, leading to respiratory acidosis.

Explanation
Osmotic diarrhea occurs when there is an excess amount of unabsorbed solutes in the intestine, which causes water to be drawn into the bowel. Lactase deficiency is a condition where the body does not produce enough lactase, the enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose (found in milk and dairy products). When lactose is not properly digested, it remains in the intestine and can cause osmotic diarrhea. Therefore, lactase deficiency is a possible cause of osmotic diarrhea.

Explanation
Hyperkalemia is a condition characterized by high levels of potassium in the blood. Type IV renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is associated with hyperkalemia. In this type of RTA, there is impaired excretion of potassium by the kidneys, leading to its accumulation in the blood. This can occur due to decreased aldosterone production or activity, which is responsible for promoting potassium excretion. Therefore, hyperkalemia is a prominent feature in type IV RTA.

Explanation
In syringomyelia, a condition where a fluid-filled cyst forms in the spinal cord, sensation is typically lost in a specific pattern. The first sensations to be affected are pain and temperature, followed by position, touch, and vibration. This is because the cyst usually starts in the center of the spinal cord, where the nerve fibers responsible for pain and temperature are located. As the cyst expands, it compresses and damages these fibers, leading to a loss of sensation in pain and temperature.