Sociology Practice Paper Questions!

Auguste Comte is referred to as the "father of sociology" because he played a significant role in establishing sociology as a distinct field of study. He believed in the use of positivism, which is the application of the scientific method to the study of society. By using this approach, Comte believed that we could understand and analyze society in a systematic and objective manner. Comte's work also emphasized the importance of studying social structure and the things that remain constant in society, which he called social statics. Additionally, he recognized the need to study social change and the factors that drive societal transformations, which he referred to as social dynamics.

Women were expected to devote themselves to cooking, cleaning, children, and church. These were considered traditional gender roles for women, where they were responsible for maintaining the household, taking care of the children, and being actively involved in religious activities. This answer reflects the societal expectations placed on women during a certain time period.

C. Wright Mills saw the power elite as an imminent threat to freedom. The power elite refers to a small group of individuals who hold significant power and influence in society, such as political leaders, corporate executives, and military officials. Mills believed that this concentration of power in the hands of a few could lead to the erosion of democratic values and the suppression of individual freedoms. He argued that the power elite's control over key institutions and decision-making processes could result in the manipulation of public opinion and the marginalization of the majority.

Methodology refers to the systematic approach or set of methods that sociologists follow in their research and study of social phenomena. It includes the techniques, tools, and procedures used to collect data, analyze it, and draw conclusions. Sociologists rely on methodology to ensure that their research is rigorous, unbiased, and replicable. It provides a framework for conducting research and helps maintain consistency and reliability in sociological studies. By following established methodologies, sociologists can ensure that their findings are valid and contribute to the body of knowledge in the field.

The answer is knowledge because personal experience, authority (such as parents or the education system), tradition, faith, and science are all sources or methods through which we acquire knowledge. Personal experience allows individuals to gain knowledge through their own observations and interactions with the world. Authority figures, like parents or the education system, impart knowledge onto others. Tradition is a way in which knowledge is passed down from generation to generation. Faith can provide individuals with knowledge and understanding of spiritual or religious beliefs. Lastly, science is a systematic approach to gaining knowledge through observation, experimentation, and analysis.

A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the outcome or relationship between variables in a research study. It is an educated guess or assumption that is based on prior knowledge or observations. A hypothesis helps to guide the research process by providing a clear direction and focus. It is often formulated before conducting the study and is tested through data collection and analysis. A hypothesis is an essential component of the scientific method and plays a crucial role in the research process.

Counter culture refers to the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group or subculture that go against the dominant values and norms of the larger society. It is a form of cultural opposition, similar to political opposition, where individuals or groups challenge and reject mainstream societal beliefs and practices. Counter culture often emerges as a response to social, political, or cultural movements, and it can involve alternative lifestyles, ideologies, and artistic expressions that challenge the status quo.

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The correct answer is "non participant" because in observation, the researcher only observes the subjects without actively participating or getting involved in the activities being observed. This approach allows for a more objective and unbiased observation of the subjects' behavior or phenomena under study. By not participating, the researcher can avoid influencing the subjects' behavior and gather more authentic data.

Sociology is defined as the systematic and scientific study of human behavior, social groups, and society. Its main purpose is to identify and analyze repeated patterns of behavior. This allows sociologists to understand and make sense of observed behaviors, and helps shape and direct their research efforts. The study of sociology helps prevent individuals from being influenced by random occurrences or flukes, as theories and patterns provide a basis for understanding and interpreting social phenomena.

Values are ideas that are shared by people in a society and are considered important and worthwhile. They shape individuals' beliefs and behaviors, and they guide their choices and actions. Values can include principles such as honesty, fairness, and respect, as well as beliefs about what is desirable or valuable in life, such as family, education, or success. They provide a framework for individuals to understand and navigate the world around them, and they play a crucial role in shaping the culture and norms of a society.

The correct answer is Industrialization, Urbanization, and Immigration. These three factors played a significant role in the origins of sociology in the United States. Industrialization brought about significant social and economic changes, leading to the emergence of new social classes and inequalities. Urbanization resulted in the growth of cities and the concentration of diverse populations, creating new social dynamics and challenges. Immigration brought in a wave of new cultures and perspectives, further contributing to the need for sociological analysis and understanding of social interactions in this new context.

Content analysis is the process of systematically analyzing and extracting thematic data from a wide range of communications. It involves examining the content of texts or other forms of communication to identify patterns, themes, and meanings. This method is commonly used in social sciences and research to analyze qualitative data. It allows researchers to gain insights into the underlying messages and themes present in the communication and draw conclusions based on the findings.

Cultural relativism is an approach that rejects the notion that any one way of living is superior to others, asserting that all cultures are equal. It emphasizes the importance of understanding and respecting different cultural practices, beliefs, and values without making judgments based on one's own cultural perspective. Cultural relativism encourages individuals to adopt an open-minded and tolerant attitude towards cultural diversity, promoting cultural understanding and acceptance.

The term "material" refers to the physical objects, resources, and spaces that are used by people to define their culture. This includes homes, neighborhoods, cities, schools, churches, synagogues, temples, mosques, offices, factories and plants, tools, means of production, goods and products, stores, and so forth. These material aspects of culture are tangible and can be seen, touched, and experienced. They play a significant role in shaping and reflecting a society's values, beliefs, and practices.

The correct answer is non material because it refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture, including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and institutions. It encompasses concepts such as religion, which consists of a set of ideas and beliefs about God, worship, morals, and ethics. These non material cultural beliefs shape how the culture responds to religious topics, issues, and events.

The correct answer is "participant" because it refers to a research method where the researcher actively engages and interacts with the research subjects. In this approach, the researcher becomes a part of the research process, participating in the activities and experiences alongside the subjects. This allows for a deeper understanding of the subjects' perspectives and enables the researcher to gather more accurate and insightful data.

Random sampling is a method of selecting a sample from a larger population in such a way that every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. It involves using a random process, such as a random number generator, to select individuals or items from the population. This ensures that the sample is representative of the population and reduces the potential for bias. In contrast, snowball sampling is a non-random sampling method where participants are selected based on referrals from existing participants, potentially leading to a biased sample. Therefore, random sampling is the correct answer in this context.

Sociology originated in Europe in the mid 19th Century. This answer is supported by the information provided in the question, which states that Sociology developed during that time period. It is important to understand the origins of Sociology in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the subject.

Laws are standardized expressions of norms enacted by legislative bodies to regulate particular types of behaviors. Laws are created to maintain order, protect individuals and society, and ensure justice. They provide a framework for acceptable behavior and consequences for those who violate them. Laws vary from country to country and can cover a wide range of areas such as criminal, civil, constitutional, and administrative law. They play a crucial role in governing societies and promoting fairness and justice.

The given answer, symbolic interaction theory, aligns with the explanation provided. Symbolic interaction theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in shaping the meanings that individuals attach to objects, events, and situations in society. It suggests that individuals act based on the meanings they have assigned to these things, which are constructed through social interaction. This theory also recognizes that these meanings can be changed or modified through ongoing social interaction. Therefore, the answer is symbolic interaction theory.

The term "association" refers to a relationship or connection between two things, where they are linked or related in some way. It implies that there is a correlation or association between the two things, but it does not necessarily mean that one thing causes the other. In other words, the presence or occurrence of one thing does not guarantee the presence or occurrence of the other. This answer suggests that the two things mentioned in the question are associated or connected in some manner, but there is no indication of causality between them.

Snowball sampling is a non-random sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit new study subjects from among their acquaintances. This method is often used when the target population is difficult to access or identify. The initial participants, also known as "seeds," refer other individuals who meet the criteria for the study, creating a snowball effect. This sampling method can be useful when studying hard-to-reach populations or sensitive topics, as it relies on personal connections and referrals.

Ethnocentrism refers to the belief that one's own culture is superior to others and that one's own beliefs, values, and behaviors are more correct. It also involves evaluating other people and cultures based on one's own cultural standards. This attitude can lead to a lack of understanding and appreciation for different cultures, causing misunderstandings and conflicts.

Folk culture refers to a localized lifestyle of a subsistence or inward-looking culture that is usually passed down through oral tradition. It values the "old ways" over novelty and has a strong sense of community. Folk culture is often associated with a specific sense of place and if its elements are copied or removed to a foreign location, they will still retain strong connotations of their original place of creation.

A Likert scale survey is a type of survey that asks participants to rank their feelings or opinions on a scale, typically ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" or "strongly opposed." This scale allows participants to provide a more nuanced response than a simple yes or no, and helps measure the intensity of their agreement or disagreement. Content analysis, on the other hand, is a research method used to analyze and interpret qualitative data, such as written or verbal communication, to identify patterns and themes. Therefore, the correct answer is likert scale survey, as it aligns with the description provided.

The correct answer is "quantitative." In research, quantitative data refers to numerical data that can be measured and analyzed statistically. This type of data is objective and can be used to make generalizations and predictions. It involves collecting information through surveys, questionnaires, or experiments and is often used to study large populations. In contrast, qualitative data is descriptive and non-numerical, focusing on subjective experiences and opinions.

Open questions are those that allow for a wide range of possible answers and encourage the respondent to provide more detailed and elaborate responses. These questions typically begin with words like "what," "why," or "how," and they give the answerer the freedom to express their thoughts, opinions, and experiences. Open questions are often used in interviews, surveys, and therapy sessions to gather in-depth information and encourage meaningful conversations. They promote active engagement and provide a deeper understanding of the topic being discussed.

Culture shock is the correct answer because it refers to the anxiety and disorientation experienced when individuals are exposed to a different cultural or social environment, such as being in a foreign country. It encompasses the feelings of surprise, confusion, and disorientation that arise from encountering unfamiliar customs, traditions, and social norms. Ethnocentrism, on the other hand, refers to the belief in the superiority of one's own culture, while cultural relativism is the perspective that all cultures should be understood and evaluated within their own context.

A subculture refers to a group of people who share a specific set of behaviors, beliefs, and cultural practices that are different from the larger culture they are a part of. This group may have distinct characteristics or may be hidden within the larger culture. Subcultures often form as a way for individuals to express their unique identities and interests, and they can exist within various societal contexts.

Jane Adams' legacy to the field of sociology is primarily her founding of the Hull House in Chicago. This was a settlement house that aimed to provide support and resources to the poor and immigrant populations in the city. Additionally, Adams played a significant role in advocating for social activism and women's involvement in addressing social issues. Her work at the Hull House and her efforts to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor made a lasting impact on the field of sociology.

Mores are stronger social norms that are considered essential to the functioning and well-being of society. They are deeply ingrained values and beliefs that govern moral behavior and are often enforced through strong social sanctions or legal consequences. Unlike folkways, which are more casual and less severe, mores are considered fundamental to maintaining social order and are typically associated with more serious violations such as betrayal or harm to others. Therefore, the given answer suggests that failure to conform to these stronger norms (mores) will result in a much stronger social response from those who resent the inappropriate behavior.

The dependent variable is the variable that is being measured or observed in an experiment. It is the variable that is expected to change or vary depending on the manipulation of the independent variable. In other words, the dependent variable is the effect or outcome that is being studied or analyzed. Therefore, the given correct answer is "dependent".

Real norms refer to the actual, existing norms that society defines as normal. These norms are based on factual observations and reflect the behaviors, beliefs, and values that are commonly accepted and practiced by individuals in a particular society. Real norms are not idealized or hypothetical; instead, they represent the reality of how society truly defines what is considered normal.

The correct answer is sociological perspective because it refers to the act of stepping back from our personal experiences and analyzing them from a broader societal viewpoint. This perspective allows us to understand how social structures and institutions influence our behavior and interactions. It involves examining social patterns, norms, and inequalities to gain a deeper understanding of society and its impact on individuals. By using a sociological perspective, we can critically and objectively analyze social phenomena and develop theories and explanations based on empirical evidence.

The correct answer is that the role of sexism in early sociology was that the field was mostly dominated by white males. This suggests that women and people of color were largely excluded from contributing to and shaping the early development of sociology. This exclusion based on gender and race highlights the presence of sexism in the field during its early stages.

Structural Functionalism is the correct answer because it aligns with the characteristics described in the question. The theory emphasizes the idea that society is made up of interconnected parts that work together to maintain stability and equilibrium. It recognizes that causation is multiple and reciprocal, meaning that one part of society can affect the whole. The theory also acknowledges that change occurs slowly and in a gradual manner. Additionally, the concept of value consensus promoting integration aligns with the idea that society functions best when there is a shared understanding of norms and values.

Validity refers to the extent to which a measurement tool or instrument accurately measures what it is intended to measure. It ensures that the data collected is relevant and meaningful in relation to the research question or objective. In other words, validity ensures that the measurement is accurate and measures what it claims to measure. This is different from reliability, which refers to the consistency and stability of the measurement tool over time.

The given passage discusses Karl Marx's macro level theory, which is known as conflict theory. Conflict theory views society as consisting of diverse groups that compete against each other for resources. Marx believed that human survival relies on productivity, with labor being the key. The passage also mentions C. Wright Mills' book "The Power Elite," which further supports the idea that those in power control society. Therefore, the correct answer is conflict theory.

Popular culture refers to the widespread cultural elements in a society that are perpetuated through the vernacular language or lingua franca. It includes the daily interactions, needs, desires, and cultural moments of the mainstream population. This can encompass various practices related to cooking, clothing, consumption, mass media, and entertainment such as sports and literature. Popular culture is distinct from high culture and folk culture, as it is more accessible and representative of the broader society.

The given correct answer is "qualitative." Qualitative research methods involve gathering data through observation, interviews, focus groups, etc. It focuses on understanding the subjective experiences, opinions, and behaviors of individuals or groups. Unlike quantitative research, which involves numerical data and statistical analysis, qualitative research aims to explore and interpret the underlying meanings and motivations behind human actions.

Norms are rules of conduct or social expectations for behavior. They provide guidance on how people should and should not behave in different social situations. Norms can be formal or informal and are often learned through socialization. They help to maintain social order and cohesion within a society by providing a shared understanding of acceptable behavior. Mores and folkways are specific types of norms that differ in terms of their level of importance and the consequences for violating them.

Folkways are customs or conventions that provide rules for conduct. Violations of folkways typically bring only mild censure, as they are considered less serious than violations of mores or norms.

Genie is the correct answer because the passage provides information about her discovery and her condition when she was found. The passage mentions that Genie was locked in an isolated room for 18 months and was about 13 years old when she was discovered. The authorities described her as a small, withered, stooped girl who could barely walk. This information aligns with the description given in the passage, making Genie the correct answer.

Emile Durkheim is the correct answer because he is known for his major studies on suicide and his exploration of social influences. Durkheim found that men were more likely to commit suicide and argued that social forces played a significant role in suicide rates. He also criticized Spencer's evolutionist ideas and proposed that suicide was influenced by the level of social integration a person had.

The first department of Sociology in the United States began in Chicago.

The correct answer explains that theories differ in terms of subject matter (micro or macro), assumptions, methodologies, and objectives. This means that theories can focus on individual or societal levels, have different underlying assumptions, use different research methods, and have different goals. Understanding these differences is important in order to avoid being misled by random occurrences and to effectively analyze and interpret patterns of behavior. Additionally, theories guide and inform research efforts by providing a framework for investigation.

The term "causality" refers to the relationship between cause and effect. It suggests that something is caused by something else, meaning that there is a direct connection between an action or event and the resulting outcome. It implies a cause-and-effect relationship, where one event leads to another. In contrast, "association" refers to a connection or relationship between two things, but it does not necessarily imply a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, the correct answer is "causality" because it accurately reflects the idea that something is caused by something else.

High Culture is a term used in academic discourse to refer to the set of cultural products, mainly in the Arts, that are considered to be of the highest esteem by a culture. It can also denote the culture of ruling social groups. This term is used to distinguish these cultural products from popular culture or subculture, which may have a wider appeal but are not necessarily held in the same high regard.

The Sociological Imagination is a quality of mind that enables individuals to comprehend that their personal identities and experiences are influenced by their past encounters. It emphasizes the interconnectedness between personal troubles and larger social issues, encouraging individuals to examine how societal structures and institutions shape their lives. This concept encourages critical thinking and helps individuals understand the broader social context in which they exist, enabling them to analyze and interpret patterns of behavior. By recognizing the impact of social forces on personal experiences, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and society as a whole.