Sociology Practice Exam 1

This answer suggests that the recognition refers to the understanding or acknowledgement that various cultures have their own unique methods and approaches when it comes to practicing medicine. It highlights that different cultures have distinct social customs, techniques, and physical medicines that they utilize in their medical practices. This recognition emphasizes the importance of respecting and valuing diverse cultural perspectives in the field of medicine.

Iatrogenesis refers to health problems that are supposedly caused by health professionals. This term is used to describe any negative effects or harm that may result from medical treatment, procedures, or interventions. It can include errors in diagnosis, medication errors, surgical complications, or even infections acquired in healthcare settings. Iatrogenesis highlights the potential risks and unintended consequences that can occur within the healthcare system, emphasizing the importance of patient safety and the need for healthcare providers to minimize harm and maximize benefits in their practice.

The inverse care law refers to the concept that the availability of good medical care is often limited in areas where it is needed the most. This means that populations with higher healthcare needs tend to have less access to quality medical services. The inverse care law suggests that there is an imbalance in healthcare distribution, with resources being disproportionately allocated to areas with lower healthcare needs. This can result in poorer health outcomes for those who need medical care the most.

The term "dominant culture" refers to the culture that holds the most power and influence in a society. This culture is able to impose its values, language, and ways of behaving on the rest of the society. It shapes the norms, beliefs, and behaviors of the majority and sets the standards for what is considered acceptable or desirable. The dominant culture often emerges from the political and economic structures of a society, allowing it to maintain its dominance and exert its influence over other cultures.

A radical monopoly refers to a situation where a particular group or profession has exclusive control or dominance over a specific area or industry. In this context, the answer suggests that professional control work, such as that of teachers, doctors, and nurses, is considered socially important. These professionals have a monopoly over their respective fields due to the specialized knowledge and skills they possess, which are crucial for the functioning and well-being of society.

The term "reductionist" refers to any unrealistic statement or theory that tries to explain a group of phenomena by attributing them to a single cause. In sociology, this can be seen in the concept of class reductionism, which oversimplifies the complexities of inequality by reducing it solely to gender, race, or ethnicity. This approach fails to consider the various intersecting factors that contribute to social disparities, leading to an incomplete understanding of the issue.

Standpoint theory suggests that knowledge is constructed based on an individual's lived experiences and social position. It argues that objectivity is unattainable because everyone's understanding of the world is shaped by their unique perspective. This theory emphasizes the importance of considering diverse viewpoints and recognizing the influence of power dynamics in shaping knowledge. It challenges the notion of a single, objective truth and advocates for the inclusion of marginalized voices to gain a more comprehensive understanding of reality.

Social epidemiology is the study of how health is distributed in society. It focuses on understanding the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health outcomes and disparities among different populations. By examining the social determinants of health, such as income, education, and access to healthcare, social epidemiology helps identify the root causes of health inequalities and informs public health interventions and policies to improve population health.

The sick role was developed by Talcott Parsons. Talcott Parsons was a sociologist who proposed the concept of the sick role in his book "The Social System" in 1951. According to Parsons, the sick role is a social role that individuals take on when they are ill. It involves certain rights and responsibilities, such as being exempt from normal social obligations and receiving medical treatment. Parsons argued that society expects individuals in the sick role to seek medical help and make efforts to recover, while also refraining from engaging in normal activities.

Ivan Illich is credited with first introducing the concept of medicalization. He argued that society had become overly reliant on medical professionals and institutions, leading to the medicalization of various aspects of life. Illich believed that this medicalization had negative consequences, such as the loss of individual autonomy and the devaluation of non-medical approaches to health and well-being. His work sparked a critical examination of the medical system and its impact on society, making him an influential figure in the field of medical sociology.

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Cultural iatrogenesis refers to a situation where the medical community's knowledge and abilities are praised or exaggerated to a level where it creates a sense of mystery and takes away the power of individuals to heal themselves and influence their environment. In this context, it implies that the medical profession's authority is being glorified to the extent that it diminishes the autonomy and agency of individuals in their own healthcare and well-being.

During feudal times, the landowner class consisted of individuals who owned the land that was cultivated by the peasants. These landowners were typically wealthy and held a high social standing in society. They were known as aristocrats, as they belonged to the upper class and often held titles of nobility. The term "aristocrats" accurately describes this group of individuals who owned and controlled the land, while the peasants worked on it.

Blaming the victim refers to the act of holding individuals responsible for negative events or circumstances that are actually caused by broader social factors. This concept suggests that instead of addressing the underlying systemic issues, society tends to shift the blame onto the individuals who are affected by these problems. By doing so, the focus is taken away from addressing the root causes and finding solutions, perpetuating a cycle of victim-blaming and avoiding accountability for the social factors that contribute to harm.

The term "corporate identity" refers to the visual and verbal elements that represent a company, including its logo, colors, and overall brand image. It is a way for the company to establish a distinct and recognizable identity in the market. On the other hand, "organic identity" refers to the shared sense of common membership and purpose that social groups have. This can include shared values, goals, and a sense of belonging. Both concepts relate to identity, but they have different applications.

The term "dominant ideology" refers to a set of beliefs that is advocated by the dominant culture or ruling classes in a society. This ideology serves to justify their position of power and the practices that maintain their dominance. It is a tool used to maintain the status quo and ensure that the dominant group retains its control over society.

An ideology refers to a set of interconnected beliefs about society and the individuals within it. It encompasses a comprehensive framework that guides individuals' understanding of the world, shaping their perspectives on social, political, and economic issues. Ideologies often provide a basis for individuals to form opinions, make decisions, and take actions, influencing their behavior and attitudes towards various aspects of society.

Jati refers to a Hindu caste or distinctive social group that is prevalent throughout India. These groups are characterized by their exclusive occupation, which is often limited to male members. For example, a jati could be comprised of barbers or potters. Jatis are an integral part of the Indian social system and play a significant role in determining an individual's occupation and social status.

Liberal ideology is a set of beliefs that emphasizes the importance of individualism rather than group identity. It promotes the idea that individuals should have the freedom to make their own choices and pursue their own interests, without being constrained by societal or government restrictions. This ideology also believes in the potential for social mobility, meaning that individuals have the ability to improve their social and economic status through their own efforts. Overall, liberal ideology values individual rights, personal freedom, and the belief in equal opportunities for all.

The correct term for the group of people in capitalist society who neither own capital nor participate in wage labor is "Lumpenproletariat." This group survives through casual or occasional labor, scavenging for food and items to sell, and sometimes resorting to crime.

Peasants were individuals who worked the land during feudal times but did not own it. They were typically part of the lower social class and were obligated to provide labor and resources to the landowners, such as nobles or lords, in exchange for protection and the right to cultivate the land for their own sustenance. Peasants played a crucial role in the feudal system as they formed the backbone of agricultural production and supported the economic and social structure of the time.

The term "petty bourgeoisie" refers to a social class made up of small-scale business owners or individuals who own a small amount of capital. These individuals typically have limited financial resources and are considered to be part of the middle class. The answer "petty bourgeoisie" accurately describes the subclass of small-time owners with little capital, as it highlights their economic status and ownership of small businesses.

The social gospel was a movement in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that aimed to address the social, medical, and psychological issues caused by industrialization and uncontrolled capitalism. It sought to apply the principles of Christianity to promote human welfare and address the injustices and inequalities of the time. The movement was prominent in Canada, the United States, and various European countries.

Social inequality refers to the persistent and enduring disparities in access to goods and services that exist among various social groups based on factors such as class, ethnicity, and other social identities. This term encompasses the long-term existence of significant differences in opportunities, resources, and outcomes between different groups within a society. It highlights the unequal distribution of power, wealth, and privileges, which can lead to social divisions and disadvantages for marginalized groups.

The correct answer is workers/proletariat. In an industrial, capitalist society, the workers or proletariat are the individuals who work for wages and do not own capital or the means of production. They rely on selling their labor to earn a living and are often exploited by the capitalist class who control the means of production. The term "proletariat" is commonly used to refer to this working class in Marxist theory.

Social stratification refers to the division of society into different social classes or categories based on factors such as wealth, occupation, education, and social status. This system creates a hierarchy where individuals or groups are ranked based on their perceived social standing. It determines the opportunities, privileges, and resources available to individuals, often leading to inequalities and disparities in society. Social stratification is a fundamental aspect of social organization and plays a significant role in shaping social relationships and power dynamics within a society.

The correct answer is "dominant capitalist class." This refers to the group of individuals who have significant control and ownership over large corporations. They hold a dominant position in the capitalist system and have a strong influence on the economy and society.

The given answer "middle class" is a suitable explanation for the description provided. The description mentions small business people, educated professionals, technical or administrative personnel, and other skilled individuals. These groups typically fall within the middle class category, as they have a certain level of education, skills, and income that places them between the lower and upper classes. Therefore, "middle class" accurately represents the social and economic status of the mentioned individuals.

The term "ethnic class" refers to a social class system based on ethnicity, where individuals from different ethnic groups tend to have different occupational rankings. This means that certain ethnic groups may predominantly occupy higher-ranking positions, such as administration, while others may be more likely to hold lower-ranking positions, like laborers. In the context of Quebec, this ethnic class system has been present for a significant portion of the 20th century.

Instrumentalism is a sociological approach that emphasizes the role of ethnic leaders in mobilizing groups to enhance their political and social power. It suggests that these leaders strategically use ethnic identity to achieve specific goals, such as gaining political representation or improving social conditions for their group. This approach focuses on the instrumental nature of ethnic identity, viewing it as a means to an end rather than an inherent aspect of individuals' identities. By understanding instrumentalism, we can gain insights into the dynamics of ethnic mobilization and the strategies employed by leaders to strengthen their groups.

The term "minoritized" refers to the process of categorizing a social group as a minority and subjecting them to discrimination by the dominant or mainstream society. This term highlights the power dynamics and systemic oppression faced by marginalized groups. It recognizes that the discrimination is not inherent to the group, but rather imposed upon them by societal structures. The term "minoritized" emphasizes the need to address and challenge this discrimination and work towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society.

Multiculturalism refers to the set of policies and practices directed towards the respect for cultural differences in a country. It promotes the idea that diverse cultural groups should be able to coexist and maintain their unique identities within a society. This can include policies such as promoting diversity in education, protecting minority rights, and fostering inclusivity. Multiculturalism recognizes the value of cultural diversity and aims to create a society that embraces and celebrates different cultures.

The correct answer for this question is primordialism and essentialism. Primordialism refers to the belief that every ethnic group is composed of distinct and unchanging traits that have been inherited from the past. This perspective emphasizes the importance of biological and cultural factors in shaping ethnic identity. Essentialism, on the other hand, is a related concept that suggests that ethnic identities are based on essential characteristics that are inherent to a group and define its members. Both primordialism and essentialism highlight the idea that ethnic identities are deeply rooted and enduring.

The correct answer is "quiet revolution." The term "quiet revolution" refers to the period of intense change in Quebec, Canada during the 1960s. This period was marked by significant societal changes, including the rapid and effective secularization of society, the establishment of a welfare state, and a re-alignment of political factions into federalist and separatist groups. The term "quiet revolution" is used to describe these transformative changes that occurred in Quebec during this time.

The term "vertical mosaic" is a metaphorical concept that refers to a society or nation where there exists a hierarchical structure based on different ethnic groups. This means that certain ethnic groups are considered to be higher or lower in status compared to others within the society. The use of the word "vertical" suggests the idea of a hierarchy, with some groups being positioned higher and others lower. The term "mosaic" implies that these different ethnic groups coexist within the society, forming a diverse and complex social fabric.

Complicit masculinity refers to forms of masculinity that may not actively contribute to or embody male dominance or hegemony, but still benefit from it. These individuals may not actively participate in oppressive behaviors, but they still enjoy privileges and advantages that come with being part of a patriarchal society. They may unknowingly or passively support the existing power structures and norms that maintain male dominance. This term highlights the complex ways in which individuals can be implicated in and benefit from systems of oppression, even without actively perpetuating them.

The term "marginalized masculinity" refers to certain forms of masculinity that are given less respect and recognition compared to other forms of masculinity. This marginalization occurs due to factors such as social class, race, sexual orientation, and ethnicity. These marginalized forms of masculinity are often overlooked or devalued in society, leading to their exclusion and limited representation.

Harriet Martineau can be called the founding mother of sociology due to her significant contributions to the field. She was a prominent social theorist and writer who played a crucial role in shaping the early sociological theories. However, her opposition to feminism and slavery made her unpopular in the US. Despite this, her works and ideas continue to be influential in the field of sociology.

Annie Marion MacLean is the first Canadian to obtain a PhD in sociology.

Aileen Ross was the first woman to be hired as a sociologist at a university in Canada. She was primarily focused on studying and addressing issues related to women, particularly in the context of India.

Globalism refers to an ideology that connects globalization with neoliberalism. It emphasizes the belief in the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people across national borders, promoting international economic integration and interdependence. This ideology advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy, deregulation, and the removal of trade barriers. It views globalization as a positive force for economic growth and development, promoting global cooperation and interconnectedness. Globalism is often associated with the expansion of multinational corporations and the spread of Western cultural values.

Globality refers to a set of social conditions that exist during a specific period and in a particular location. It encompasses the global nature of various aspects such as economies, cultures, and societies, highlighting the interconnectedness and interdependence of nations and regions. Globality recognizes the complex and dynamic nature of globalization, where the world becomes increasingly interconnected through various means such as technology, trade, and communication. This term emphasizes the global context and the interconnectedness of social, economic, and cultural factors that shape our world today.

Globalization refers to the worldwide process of making international the realms of communication and commerce. It involves the integration and interdependence of economies, cultures, and societies through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas across borders. This process has been facilitated by advancements in technology, transportation, and communication, allowing for increased interconnectedness and interdependence among nations. Globalization has led to the expansion of multinational corporations, the growth of global trade, and the exchange of cultural practices, ultimately shaping the modern world and creating a globalized society.

The term "globalization from above" refers to the processes of globalization that primarily benefit transnational corporations and the power elite of the North, rather than benefiting people in general. This concept suggests that the dominant forces driving globalization prioritize the interests of wealthy corporations and individuals, leading to potential inequalities and exploitation of marginalized communities.

Globalization from below refers to the processes of globalization that prioritize the interests of marginalized people and aim to achieve global equality. Unlike traditional top-down globalization, which is driven by multinational corporations and powerful nations, globalization from below emphasizes grassroots movements, local communities, and social justice. It seeks to empower marginalized groups, promote fair trade, protect human rights, and address global inequalities. By focusing on the needs and perspectives of those at the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder, globalization from below aims to create a more inclusive and equitable global society.

Glocalization refers to the process of adapting global products, services, or ideas to suit local needs and preferences. It involves a combination of global and local influences, where transnational companies aim to expand their global reach while also considering the specific requirements of local markets. At the same time, local cultures play a role in filtering and shaping the impact of globalization, ensuring that it aligns with their traditions, values, and tastes. Glocalization allows for a balance between global integration and local customization, enabling companies to effectively cater to diverse markets.

The term "hyperglobalizers" refers to individuals who strongly support and advocate for globalization without considering its potential negative consequences. These people believe that globalization is beneficial for everyone and promote its expansion. They may overlook or downplay the negative effects that globalization can have on certain groups or regions.

Jihad-i-asgar refers to the concept of "lesser jihad" in Islam, which involves the struggle against transgressors who are not practicing Muslims. Islamists, however, practice a distorted version of this concept. The term "jihad-i-asgar" suggests that there is a distinction between the true understanding of lesser jihad and the distorted interpretation followed by Islamists. It implies that Islamists may engage in acts of violence and extremism under the guise of lesser jihad, but their actions do not align with the true principles of Islam.

The given correct answer, liberalism, refers to a belief in the freedom of the individual from both government and the dominant culture. It is the belief that the market should be completely free to expand and grow without any governmental interference. This concept was discussed by 19th-century thinker John Stuart Mill and it encompassed the idea of protecting individuals from the tyranny of the majority.

The given answer, neoliberalism, accurately describes the set of policies mentioned in the question. Neoliberalism refers to a political and economic ideology that advocates for limited government intervention in the economy and emphasizes free market principles. The policies mentioned, such as privatization, tax cuts, reduced public spending, deregulation, and the expansion of international markets, align with the core principles of neoliberalism. This ideology seeks to promote economic growth and individual freedom by reducing the role of the state and promoting market competition.