Sociology 101 Final Exam Prep

The correct answer is "Social class who owns means of production." The bourgeoisie refers to the social class that owns and controls the means of production, such as factories, land, and capital. They are typically associated with the capitalist system and are characterized by their wealth, power, and influence in society. This class is distinct from the lower or working class, who typically work for the bourgeoisie and do not own significant means of production.

The conflict theory originates from Marx. Marx was a German philosopher and sociologist who believed that society is divided into two main classes - the bourgeoisie (the wealthy capitalists) and the proletariat (the working class). He argued that the bourgeoisie exploit the proletariat for their own economic gain, leading to social conflict and inequality. Marx's conflict theory focuses on the struggle for power and resources between these two classes, and how it shapes social relationships and institutions.

The correct answer is "Lower/working class." The term "proletariat" refers to the social class of wage workers who do not own the means of production. They typically earn their livelihood through manual labor and are economically dependent on the bourgeoisie or the owners of capital. The proletariat is often associated with the working class, as they are the ones who perform the labor necessary for production in capitalist societies.

Ritzer is the correct answer because he is the sociologist who coined the term "McDonaldization." McDonaldization refers to the process by which principles of fast food restaurants, such as efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control, are applied to various aspects of society. Ritzer's work explores how these principles have come to dominate not only the fast food industry but also other sectors like education, healthcare, and even leisure. His concept of McDonaldization has been influential in understanding the rationalization and standardization of contemporary society.

Marx believed that religion was used as a tool by the wealthy class to maintain control over the working class. He argued that religion served as an opiate, distracting the oppressed from their exploitation and offering false hope for a better life in the afterlife. According to Marx, religion helped to perpetuate social inequality by promoting the idea that poverty and suffering were inevitable and justifiable, thus preventing the working class from challenging the existing power structures.

Marx believed that religion contributes to social inequality. He argued that religion is used by the ruling class to maintain their power and control over the working class. According to Marx, religion serves as an "opiate of the masses," distracting them from the exploitation and oppression they face in capitalist societies. He saw religion as a tool of false consciousness, which prevents individuals from recognizing their true social and economic conditions. Marx's perspective on religion highlights its role in perpetuating social inequality and maintaining the status quo.

Functionalism originates from Durkheim because he is considered one of the founding figures of this sociological perspective. Durkheim believed that society is made up of interdependent parts that work together to maintain social order and stability. He emphasized the importance of social integration and the role of social institutions in maintaining social cohesion. Durkheim's work laid the foundation for functionalist theories, which focus on the functions and dysfunctions of social structures and the ways in which they contribute to the overall functioning of society.

The US has a rational-legal authority system. This means that the authority is based on a set of laws and regulations that are created and enforced through a formalized process. The power and legitimacy of the government and its officials are derived from these established laws and procedures, rather than from personal qualities or traditions. This system ensures that decisions and actions are guided by reason and legality, promoting fairness, consistency, and accountability in governance.

Durkheim believed that religion is created to foster a sense of togetherness and solidarity within a society. He argued that religious rituals and beliefs serve as a collective representation of society's values and norms, bringing individuals together and reinforcing social cohesion. Through shared religious experiences, people develop a sense of belonging and a collective consciousness, which strengthens social bonds and promotes social integration. Durkheim's perspective on religion emphasizes its role in creating a sense of community and unity among individuals.

The statement "Weber was a socialist" is incorrect. Max Weber, a German sociologist, was not a socialist. He is known for his work on the theory of social action and the concept of bureaucracy. Weber believed that capitalism and bureaucracy were essential aspects of modern society. However, he did not align himself with socialist ideology, which advocates for the collective ownership and control of the means of production. Therefore, the correct answer is False.