The Skeletal System Overview and The Disease Hyperparathyroidism Quiz

An estimated 100,000 people develop hyperparathyroidism each year in the United States. This means that a large number of individuals are diagnosed with this condition annually, indicating its prevalence and impact on the population.

Some answers may have vertebrae excluded. i.e. If cervical vertebrae was included, only cervical would show as an answer choice.

Gum is not part of the tooth itself. The tooth is composed of several layers, including enamel, dentin, and pulp. The enamel is the hard, outermost layer that protects the tooth. Dentin is a layer beneath the enamel that provides support and structure. The pulp is the innermost layer that contains nerves and blood vessels. However, the gum, also known as the gingiva, is the soft tissue that surrounds and supports the tooth, but it is not considered part of the tooth itself.

The phrase "Moans, groans, stones, and bones . . . with psychic overtones" suggests that the word "stones" is being used metaphorically rather than literally. Since the phrase is discussing psychic overtones, it is unlikely that it is referring to bone-related complications or gastrointestinal symptoms of constipation. Kidney stones, however, can cause intense pain and discomfort, which could be associated with the moaning and groaning mentioned in the phrase. Therefore, the most plausible explanation is that "stones" in this context refers to kidney stones.

The parathyroid glands release a hormone called parathyroid hormone (PTH) in excessive amounts, leading to hyperparathyroidism. PTH plays a crucial role in regulating calcium and phosphate levels in the body. When the parathyroid glands produce an excessive amount of PTH, it can disrupt the balance of calcium and phosphate, causing hyperparathyroidism. This condition can result in increased calcium levels in the blood, leading to various symptoms and potential complications.

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism occurs when there is an abnormality elsewhere in the body, such as kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency, that leads to excessive production of parathyroid hormones. This excess production is a compensatory mechanism by the parathyroid glands to maintain calcium levels in the blood. Unlike primary hyperparathyroidism, where the abnormality is within the parathyroid glands themselves, secondary hyperparathyroidism is caused by external factors affecting the glands. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism, on the other hand, refers to a condition where the parathyroid glands become hyperactive even after the underlying cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism has been resolved.

Amphiarthrosis is the correct answer because it refers to a slightly moveable joint. This type of joint allows for limited movement and is found in areas such as the spine and pelvis. Synarthrosis refers to a immovable joint, while diarthrosis refers to a freely movable joint.

Adenoma is the most common form of primary hyperparathyroidism. Primary hyperparathyroidism is a condition where there is excessive production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands. Adenoma refers to the formation of a benign tumor in one of the parathyroid glands, leading to increased PTH production. Hyperplasia, on the other hand, involves the enlargement of multiple parathyroid glands, while carcinoma refers to the presence of cancerous cells in the parathyroid glands, which is rare in primary hyperparathyroidism. Therefore, adenoma is the most likely form of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Calcimetics are a new class of drugs that inhibit the secretion of parathormone. Primary hyperparathyroidism refers to the excessive secretion of parathormone from the parathyroid glands due to a problem within the glands themselves, usually a benign tumor. Since calcimetics turn off the secretion of parathormone, they would not be used in primary hyperparathyroidism as the problem lies within the glands themselves. Therefore, the correct answer is "Primary."

The skeletal system does not regulate breathing.