YMCA L2 Anatomy - Skeleton

The femur is a long bone because it is the longest and strongest bone in the human body. It is located in the thigh and connects the hip bone to the knee joint. Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape and consist of a shaft (diaphysis) with two ends (epiphyses). They provide support, mobility, and protection to the body. In contrast, tarsals, ischium, and scapula are not long bones. Tarsals are a group of seven small bones in the foot, ischium is a bone in the pelvis, and scapula is the shoulder blade bone.

The cranium is a part of the axial skeleton. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. The cranium is the part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain. It is made up of several bones that are fused together, providing stability and protection for the brain and sensory organs. The femur, humerus, and tibia are all part of the appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton.

The correct answer is 206. This is the generally accepted number of bones in the human body. Bones provide structure, protect organs, and support movement. They come in different shapes and sizes and are connected by joints. While the number of bones can vary slightly from person to person due to individual differences, 206 is the average number of bones found in an adult human body.

Bone is rebuilt by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts are specialized cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue. They secrete proteins and other substances that help in the mineralization of bone, leading to its growth and repair. Osteoblasts work in conjunction with osteoclasts, which are responsible for the breakdown and resorption of old bone tissue. However, in the context of bone rebuilding, osteoblasts play a crucial role in the synthesis and deposition of new bone material. Osteoporosis and osteopenia are conditions characterized by a decrease in bone density and mass, but they do not directly participate in the process of bone rebuilding.

Intervertebral discs are classified as irregular bones because they do not fit into any specific category or shape. Irregular bones have complex shapes and do not have a regular or symmetrical appearance like long, short, or flat bones. Intervertebral discs are located between the vertebrae in the spinal column and serve as shock absorbers. They have a unique structure with a tough outer layer and a gel-like center, which allows them to provide flexibility and support to the spine.

Tarsals are a group of short bones found in the foot. They are responsible for providing stability and support to the foot, allowing for movement and weight-bearing activities. The sternum, clavicle, and patella are not classified as short bones. The sternum is a flat bone in the center of the chest, the clavicle is a long bone in the shoulder, and the patella is a sesamoid bone located in the knee joint.

The purpose of the axial skeleton is to provide protection. The axial skeleton includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage, which encase and protect vital organs such as the brain, spinal cord, and heart. These structures act as a shield, helping to prevent injury and damage to the delicate organs within the body.

Inactivity over a long period of time can lead to osteoporosis, which is a condition where the bones become weak and brittle. Lack of physical activity and weight-bearing exercises can cause a decrease in bone density and mineral content. This can result in an increased risk of fractures and broken bones. Osteopenia is a milder form of bone loss that can also occur due to inactivity, but osteoporosis is a more severe and advanced stage of bone deterioration. Osteoponation is not a recognized medical condition or term.

A walking program can have a positive effect on bone density. Regular weight-bearing exercises like walking stimulate the bones to become stronger and denser. This is because when you walk, your body weight puts stress on the bones, which triggers the bone-building process. Over time, this can lead to an increase in bone density, making the bones less prone to fractures and osteoporosis. Therefore, the correct answer is "Increase".

Ligaments are fibrous connective tissues that attach bones to other bones. They are responsible for providing stability and support to joints, allowing for movement while preventing excessive motion. Unlike tendons, which connect muscles to bones, ligaments do not play a direct role in muscle movement. Similarly, cartilage is a type of connective tissue that covers the ends of bones, providing cushioning and reducing friction in joints, but it does not directly attach bones to each other. Therefore, the correct answer is ligaments.

The purpose of the appendicular skeleton is to facilitate movement. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs, pelvis, and shoulder girdle, which are responsible for providing support and mobility. These bones work together with muscles and joints to allow for various types of movement, such as walking, running, and grasping objects. The appendicular skeleton also plays a role in maintaining balance and stability during movement.

Tendons are the correct answer because they are tough, fibrous connective tissues that attach muscles to bones. Tendons play a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by muscles to the bones, allowing movement and providing stability to the skeletal system. Ligaments, on the other hand, connect bones to other bones, while cartilage is a flexible connective tissue found in various parts of the body. The synovial membrane is a specialized tissue that lines the inner surface of joint capsules, producing synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish the joints.

The sternum is classified as a flat bone because it is a thin, flat bone that forms the front of the rib cage. It provides protection to vital organs such as the heart and lungs. Flat bones are typically found in areas that require protection or provide a surface for muscle attachment, and the sternum fits this description. The carpals, femur, and patella are not flat bones; carpals are classified as short bones, the femur is a long bone, and the patella is a sesamoid bone.

A carpal bone is a type of short bone. Short bones are cube-shaped and provide stability and support, as well as allowing for limited movement. The carpal bones are found in the wrist and form the carpus, which is the joint that connects the hand to the forearm. These bones are short and compact, allowing for precise movements of the hand and fingers.

Bones contain bone marrow, which is responsible for the production of red and white blood cells. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body, while white blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight off infections. Therefore, one of the functions of bones is to produce red and white blood cells.

The patella is a sesamoid bone. Sesamoid bones are small, round bones that are embedded within tendons and are usually found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint. The patella is located in the front of the knee joint and acts as a fulcrum to increase the leverage of the quadriceps muscle. It is unique in that it is not directly connected to any other bone, but is held in place by tendons.

The vertebral column, also known as the spine, is made up of 33 bones. These bones are called vertebrae and are stacked on top of each other to form the backbone. Each vertebra is connected to the one above and below it by joints, allowing for flexibility and movement. The vertebral column serves as a protective housing for the spinal cord and provides support for the body.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that primarily affects the cartilage in the joints. It is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage, which leads to joint pain, stiffness, and loss of function. Fragile bones, on the other hand, refer to a condition called osteoporosis, where the bones become weak and prone to fractures. While osteoarthritis can lead to joint damage and potentially contribute to bone fragility, the two conditions are distinct and have different underlying causes.

The coccyx is not a natural curve of the spine. It is a small triangular bone at the base of the spine, also known as the tailbone. The natural curves of the spine include the thoracic curve (upper back), the cervical curve (neck), and the lumbar curve (lower back). The coccyx is located below the sacrum and does not contribute to the natural curves of the spine.

The skeleton is responsible for providing shape and support to the body, protecting vital organs, and serving as an attachment point for muscles. However, the transport of minerals is not a function of the skeleton. This task is mainly carried out by the circulatory system, specifically the blood and the organs involved in mineral absorption and distribution, such as the intestines and the kidneys.

Scoliosis is a medical condition characterized by an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine. This means that instead of the spine being straight, it curves to the side, resulting in a C or S-shaped curve. The other options mentioned, such as exaggerated rounding of the spine, exaggerated inward curvature of the spine, and hump in the vertebrae, are not specific symptoms of scoliosis. Therefore, the correct answer is lateral curvature of the spine.

The coccyx is a small triangular bone located at the base of the spine. It is made up of several fused vertebrae, giving it a irregular shape.

The body type being described in the statement is mesomorph. Mesomorphs are characterized by an average height, wide shoulders, and a muscular build. They tend to have a naturally athletic physique and find it easier to gain and maintain muscle mass. Mesomorphs typically have a higher metabolism, making it easier for them to stay lean and fit.

The epiphysis is the end part of a long bone. It is located at the extremities of the bone and is separated from the shaft by the growth plate. The epiphysis plays a crucial role in the growth and development of the bone, as it contains the red bone marrow responsible for producing blood cells. Additionally, the epiphysis is covered with articular cartilage, which allows for smooth movement and reduces friction between bones in a joint.

The radius is a bone that is part of the appendicular skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and their associated girdles, such as the arms and legs. The radius is one of the two bones in the forearm, along with the ulna. It is located on the thumb side of the forearm and plays a role in the movement of the hand and wrist.

The diaphysis refers to the long, cylindrical part of a long bone, commonly known as the shaft. It is the main portion of the bone, located between the two ends (epiphyses). The diaphysis is responsible for providing support, strength, and stability to the bone. It contains the medullary cavity, which houses bone marrow and is surrounded by compact bone tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is "The shaft."

Kyphosis is the correct answer because it refers to an excessive curvature of the thoracic spine, causing a rounded or hunched back. This condition can be caused by various factors such as poor posture, osteoporosis, or certain medical conditions. It is important to note that lordosis refers to an excessive inward curvature of the lumbar spine, scoliosis refers to an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine, and denosis is not a recognized medical term.

The main role of a long bone is movement. Long bones, such as the femur or humerus, are responsible for facilitating movement and mobility in the body. They act as levers and provide a framework for muscles to attach and generate movement. Long bones also contain bone marrow, which produces blood cells necessary for bodily functions. While strength, muscle attachment, and protection are important functions of long bones, movement is the primary role.

Cancellous bone tissue is found in the epiphysis of long bones. Cancellous bone, also known as spongy or trabecular bone, is less dense and has a porous structure. It consists of a network of trabeculae or small, bony spicules that create a lattice-like structure. This type of bone tissue provides strength and support while also allowing for the storage of red bone marrow, which produces blood cells. In contrast, compact bone tissue is found in the diaphysis or shaft of long bones and is denser and more solid in structure.

The appendicular skeleton is made up of the bones that support and move the limbs. This includes the bones of the arms, legs, shoulders, and pelvis. The correct answer is 126 because there are a total of 126 bones in the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton is composed of the bones that form the central axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and ribcage. The correct answer is 80 because there are 80 bones in the axial skeleton.

The periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones. It serves as a protective layer, providing support and nourishment to the bone. It also plays a role in bone growth and repair. The other options listed are different structures found in or around bones, but they do not specifically refer to the hard protective sheath.

The correct answer is articular cartilage. Articular cartilage covers the top of each epiphysis. This type of cartilage is smooth and slippery, allowing for smooth movement and reducing friction between bones in a joint. It helps to absorb shock and distribute forces evenly across the joint surface. The articular cartilage also helps to protect the underlying bone from damage.

Flat bones, such as the scapula or the sternum, serve the purpose of muscle attachment. These bones provide a broad surface area where muscles can attach and exert force, allowing for movement and stability. The flat shape of these bones also provides protection to underlying organs and structures, such as the heart or the lungs. Additionally, flat bones contribute to the overall strength and structure of the skeletal system.