Microbiology Test #4-Chapter 11,12,13-bideshi @cbu

The statement is true because PGL-1, a glycolipid found on the surface of M. leprae bacteria, has been shown to play a role in the uptake of the bacteria by Schwann cells. Schwann cells are the primary target of M. leprae infection and are responsible for the nerve damage seen in leprosy. The interaction between PGL-1 and Schwann cells is an important step in the pathogenesis of leprosy.

The correct answer is Rickettsial Arthropodborne Diseases. Rickettsial diseases are caused by bacteria that are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected ticks, lice, and fleas. These bacteria are gram-negative bacilli, which means they have a specific shape and stain pink when exposed to a certain type of dye. Examples of rickettsial diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus. These diseases are typically characterized by fever, rash, and other flu-like symptoms.

The given correct answer is erythema migrans; lyme disease. Erythema migrans refers to a specific type of rash that appears at the site of a tick bite. It is characteristic of Lyme disease, which is a tick-borne illness caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. The rash typically starts as a small red spot and gradually expands, forming a bull's eye pattern. In addition to the rash, individuals may experience symptoms such as fever, body aches, and flu-like symptoms. Therefore, erythema migrans is a key clinical feature of Lyme disease.

The incubation period refers to the time between the consumption of contaminated material and the appearance of symptoms. This means that after consuming something that is contaminated, there is a period of time before any symptoms or signs of illness start to show. Therefore, the statement is true.

Bacillus cereus is a bacterium that can cause diarrhea or vomiting. Infections typically occur when contaminated cooked grains are consumed. The absence of fever and recovery within two days suggests that the illness caused by Bacillus cereus is typically mild and self-limiting. This bacterium is known to form spores, which are highly resistant to environmental conditions and can contribute to the transmission of the disease. Therefore, the statement "Bacillus cereus can cause diarrhea or vomiting. Infections usually occur from eating contaminated cooked grains. NO FEVER and RECOVER within 2 days Importance of spores in transmission of disease" is true.

Shigellosis is a bacterial infection caused by Shigella bacteria that produce Shiga toxin in the intestinal epithelium. This toxin triggers gastroenteritis, which is an inflammation of the stomach and intestines resulting in symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever. Despite efforts to develop a vaccine, there is currently no vaccine available to prevent shigellosis. Therefore, the statement "No vaccine is available" is true.

The symptoms described in the question, including rapid-rising fever, circulatory collapse, vomiting, severe diarrhea, sore throat, muscle aches, and sunburn-like rash with peeling of the skin, are consistent with toxic shock syndrome. Toxic shock syndrome is caused by the release of toxins, specifically superantigens, which can lead to a severe immune response and the symptoms mentioned. The correct answer, "Toxic shock syndrome (superantigen TSS1) exotoxin," accurately identifies the specific toxin, TSS1 exotoxin, responsible for causing toxic shock syndrome.

Trachoma is an infectious eye disease caused by a bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. The statement "Trachoma can lead to blindness" is true because if left untreated, repeated infections can cause scarring on the inside of the eyelid, which can eventually lead to the eyelashes turning inward and scratching the cornea. This constant irritation and scarring can result in vision loss and ultimately blindness. The high number of infections, especially in children, highlights the urgency of addressing this public health issue to prevent unnecessary blindness.

Plague is indeed transmitted by the rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopsis. The etiologic agent, or the causative agent, of plague is Yersinia pestis. Plague is a highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is primarily spread through fleas that infest rats. These fleas can then transmit the bacteria to humans through their bites, leading to the development of plague. Therefore, the statement "Plague is transmitted by the rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopsis" is true.

Infection with Staphylococcus aureus can indeed produce classical Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). TSS is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition caused by certain strains of bacteria, including S. aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. These bacteria release toxins into the bloodstream, leading to a systemic inflammatory response and multiple organ failure. Classical TSS is often associated with tampon use in menstruating women, but it can also occur in individuals with skin infections or post-surgical wounds. Prompt medical attention and treatment with antibiotics are crucial in managing TSS.

Dental caries refers to tooth decay, which is caused by the breakdown of tooth enamel due to the production of acids by bacteria in the mouth. Plaque, a sticky film that forms on teeth, provides a favorable environment for these acidogenic bacteria to thrive. Additionally, the consumption of dietary carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches, provides a food source for these bacteria, leading to the production of more acids and further tooth decay. Therefore, dental caries is a result of both plaque buildup and the presence of acidogenic bacteria, which are fueled by dietary carbohydrates.

Mycobacterium leprae is the correct answer because it is the bacteria that causes leprosy, a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. One of the characteristic features of leprosy is the lack of pain sensation, which can lead to deformities and injuries that go unnoticed by the affected individual.

Ureaplasma urealyticum is a type of bacteria that lacks a cell wall. This characteristic is important because it distinguishes it from other bacteria and allows it to survive in different environments. Ureaplasma urealyticum is commonly associated with infections in the urogenital tract, particularly in the urethra. Therefore, the common name for this condition is Ureaplasmal urethritits.

Intoxications refer to illnesses caused by ingesting bacterial toxins through contaminated food and water. Unlike infections, where the bacteria themselves invade and multiply in the body, intoxications occur when the toxins produced by the bacteria are consumed. The incubation period, on the other hand, refers to the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of symptoms. Therefore, the correct answer is intoxications.

Blepharospasm is a condition characterized by involuntary spasms or contractions of the muscles around the eyelids, causing them to remain closed or have difficulty opening. This abnormal muscle contraction can lead to the inability to open the eyes. Therefore, the statement that individuals with blepharospasm are unable to open their eyes due to abnormal muscle contraction is true.

mild soaps, benzoyl peroxide; Retin A: prevents blockage of follicles

Cornynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Acinetobacter are all examples of normal microbiota found on the skin. Normal microbiota refers to the microorganisms that naturally inhabit the body without causing harm. These bacteria are commonly found on the skin and play a role in maintaining a healthy balance and protecting against harmful pathogens. Therefore, the statement that they are examples of normal microbiota in the skin is true.

The statement is true. Local redness, warmth, swelling, and tenderness, as well as the presence of abscesses, can be caused by the gram-negative rod bacteria called Pasteurella multocida. This bacterium is known to cause a range of infections in both animals and humans, including skin and soft tissue infections. Therefore, the given answer is true.

Also known as Gas gangrene

Granuloma inguinale is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Klebsiella granulomatis. The symptoms of granuloma inguinale typically start with the formation of nodules on the genitals or around the anus. These nodules can progress to ulcers that may bleed easily. Additionally, the infection can cause swelling of the nearby lymph nodes. Unlike the other options listed, granuloma inguinale does not typically cause fever. Therefore, based on the symptoms described, granuloma inguinale is the most likely correct answer.

Pyelonephritis refers to the inflammation of the kidneys, specifically the renal pelvis and the kidney tissue. It is usually caused by a bacterial infection that spreads from the bladder to the kidneys. Symptoms of pyelonephritis include fever, back pain, frequent urination, and cloudy or bloody urine. Salpingitis refers to the inflammation of the fallopian tubes, prostatitis refers to the inflammation of the prostate gland, and urethritis refers to the inflammation of the urethra. While these conditions may cause discomfort and pain, they do not specifically involve inflammation of the kidneys.

The correct answer is blackheads-modified sebum darkens as it oxidizes. Blackheads are a type of comedone where the sebum (oil) in the pore becomes trapped and oxidizes, causing it to turn dark in color. This is different from whiteheads, which are also a type of comedone but are formed when the pore is completely blocked and the sebum does not oxidize. The explanation provided in the description accurately describes the formation and appearance of blackheads.

Folliculitis, Abscess, Furuncle, Impetigo

Beta-lactams, such as penicillin and cephalosporins, are commonly used to treat Staphylococcus skin diseases. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth of the bacteria, preventing further infection and promoting healing. They are effective against many strains of Staphylococcus, making them a suitable choice for treatment. TDap, dioxycycline, and tetracycline are not typically used for Staphylococcus skin diseases, so they are not the correct answer.

Clostridium difficile is the correct answer because it is an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming rod that is associated with pseudomembranous colitis. Pseudomembranous colitis is characterized by the presence of a yellowish-green pseudomembrane in the colon, and it is often seen in patients who have recently received antibiotic therapy. Escherichia coli and Clostridium cystitis are not associated with pseudomembranous colitis.

Primary syphilis is the correct answer because it is characterized by the presence of a hard chancre, which is a painless sore that seeps clear fluid. This sore typically appears at the site of infection, usually the genitals, and heals within 3 weeks. These symptoms are indicative of the early stage of syphilis infection.

Gram(-) encapsulated rod

Treatment is Tetracycline

UTI's are caused by bacteria and the treatment is antibiotics.

Diagnosis for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

TSST-1 is known to induce massive cytokine production. Cytokines are small proteins released by cells that play a crucial role in cell signaling and immune response. TSST-1 is a toxin produced by certain strains of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and is commonly associated with toxic shock syndrome (TSS). When TSST-1 enters the body, it stimulates the immune system to produce an excessive amount of cytokines, leading to a systemic inflammatory response. This excessive cytokine production is responsible for the severe symptoms observed in TSS, such as fever, rash, and organ failure.

Haemophilus ducreyi is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes the sexually transmitted infection known as chancroid. Chancroid is characterized by the development of painful genital ulcers and is commonly associated with the formation of inguinal lymphadenitis. This infection is primarily found in regions with poor hygiene and limited access to healthcare, and it can increase the risk of HIV transmission. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are necessary to prevent complications and further spread of the disease.

Vancomycin is used for MRSA
also known as
methicillin-resistant Staphlylococcus aureus

Sudoku is primarily found in Asia because it originated in Japan in the late 20th century. It gained popularity in Japan before spreading to other Asian countries such as China and South Korea. Sudoku puzzles are widely published in newspapers, magazines, and online platforms in Asian countries. Additionally, there are numerous Sudoku tournaments and championships held in Asia, further emphasizing its popularity in the region.

The correct answer is back and join pain; skin rash; prolonged fever. This combination of symptoms suggests a possible infection caused by Acinobacillus muris. Back and joint pain, along with a skin rash and prolonged fever, could indicate an inflammatory response in the body. It is important to seek medical attention for a proper diagnosis and treatment.

Also known as Tetanus

The given symptoms, such as lymph nodes swelling, dark-purple splotches from hemorrhages, and the spread of bacteria from buboes to cause septicemia and plague meningitis, are all characteristic of bubonic plague. Bubonic plague is a severe and highly contagious bacterial infection caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria. It is primarily transmitted through fleas that infest rodents. If left untreated, bubonic plague can be 100% fatal, making it a highly dangerous disease. Therefore, the correct answer is bubonic plague.

Endemic (murine) typhus is indeed transmitted by infected fleas. This type of typhus occurs sporadically, meaning it is not widespread or continuously present in a particular population. Therefore, the statement "Endemic (murine) typhus is transmitted by infected fleas and it occurs sporadically" is true.

Neisseria gonorrhea is known as the "Clap".

Impetigo contagiosum

Boil (furuncle) deeper adscesses around hair follicles.

Sylvatic Plague the outbreaks may involve rodents and cats.
Role of plague im history:Pandemics.

Rickettsia prowazekii is the correct answer because it is the infectious agent responsible for epidemic typhus. The given information about transmission by lice feces and the infectious agent being scratched into the skin aligns with the characteristics of epidemic typhus, which is caused by Rickettsia prowazekii. The symptoms of intense fever, rash, and the progression of the rash from the body trunk to the extremities also match with epidemic typhus. Additionally, the statement that 75% die in epidemics further supports the association of Rickettsia prowazekii with epidemic typhus.

Also known as Chancroid, symptoms include Soft Chancre, swollen lymph nodes, causes painful genitul ulcers

Chlamydia trachomatis is the correct answer because it is an obligate intracellular parasite that causes non-gonococcal urethritis, which is a common sexually transmitted infection in individuals aged 15-24 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis has a unique life cycle with two phases - the infectious elementary body and the non-infectious reticulate body.

Proprionibacterium acnes is a type of bacteria that is commonly found on the skin, particularly in the sebaceous glands. It is associated with the development of acne, which is a common skin disease worldwide. The statement "Acne, the most common skin disease worldwide" accurately reflects the relationship between Proprionibacterium acnes and acne, as acne is indeed a widespread skin condition affecting people across the globe.

Bartonella henselae (rickettsia)

Penicillin is the correct answer for the treatment of Treponema pallidum. Treponema pallidum is the bacterium that causes syphilis, and penicillin is the preferred antibiotic for its treatment. Penicillin is highly effective in killing the bacteria and preventing further complications. Other antibiotics like doxycycline and tetracycline may also be used as alternatives in cases of penicillin allergies or if penicillin is not available. However, penicillin remains the most commonly used and recommended treatment for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum.

The given question is asking for the correct answer among the options provided. The correct answer is "Rickettsial pox". This is a bacterial infection caused by Rickettsia akari. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mites. Scrub typhus and tickborne fever are also caused by Rickettsia bacteria, but they have different symptoms and modes of transmission. Rickettsia typhi is the causative agent of murine typhus, which is transmitted by fleas. Therefore, the most appropriate answer based on the given information is Rickettsial pox.

1. Early Localized Stage- Bulls eye rash
2. Early Disseminated stage (systemic)- weeks to months

Example is Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)

Streptococcus mutans is the correct answer because it is a type of bacteria that is commonly found in the mouth and is known to be a major cause of dental caries, also known as tooth decay. This bacterium produces acid as a byproduct of metabolizing sugars, which can erode the enamel on teeth and lead to the formation of cavities. Regular oral hygiene practices, such as brushing and flossing, are important in preventing the overgrowth of Streptococcus mutans and reducing the risk of dental caries.

Clostridum perfringes

Proprionibacterium acnes is a Gram + rod. This means that it is a type of bacteria that has a thick peptidoglycan layer in its cell wall, which retains the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining technique. The rod shape of the bacteria further confirms its classification as a Gram + rod.

The correct answer is Spirillum minus because it is one of the bacteria mentioned in the list. The other options, Mycobacterium leprae, Tuberculoid, and Anthrax bacillus, are not mentioned in the list.

Scrub typhus is caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mites. This explanation fits with the given question as it states that R. tsutsugamushi is vectored by mites, which is the mode of transmission for scrub typhus.

spirochete

Doxycycline is the correct treatment for Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV). LGV is a sexually transmitted infection caused by a certain strain of the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against Chlamydia infections. It works by inhibiting the growth and replication of the bacteria. Other antibiotics like azithromycin and ciprofloxacin may also be used in some cases, but doxycycline is the preferred treatment choice for LGV. Penicillin is not effective against Chlamydia infections, so it is not a suitable treatment option for LGV.

Infections are illnesses in which live bacterial pathogens are ingested and grow in the body. This means that the bacteria enter the body and multiply, leading to the development of symptoms and illness. Infections can occur when contaminated food or water is consumed, allowing the bacteria to enter the digestive system and cause illness. This is different from intoxication, which occurs when toxins produced by bacteria are ingested and cause illness, and the incubation period, which refers to the time between exposure to the bacteria and the onset of symptoms.

Doxycycline and erythromycin are both antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of Chlamydia. Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Doxycycline and erythromycin are effective in treating Chlamydia because they can kill or inhibit the growth of the bacteria. These antibiotics are usually prescribed for a specific duration to ensure complete eradication of the infection. It is important to follow the prescribed treatment regimen and complete the full course of antibiotics to effectively treat Chlamydia and prevent complications.

Spirochaete

Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. It primarily affects the lymph nodes in the groin area, causing fever, swelling, and tenderness. The prevalence of LGV is higher in Central and South America, as well as Southeast Asia. Granuloma inguinale, caused by Klebsiella granulomatis, is another sexually transmitted infection that can cause similar symptoms, but it is more commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions. Treponema pallidum is the bacterium responsible for syphilis, and Haemophilus ducreyi causes chancroid, both of which can also cause genital ulcers but do not typically present with lymph node involvement like LGV.

Symptoms are MILD.

Treatment: Tetracycline

Also known as Pasteurellosis, Gram - rod.
Present in nasopharynx of cats/dogs and other animals

The statement is true because Rickettsia rickettsii is indeed the causative agent of murine typhus. This bacterium is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected fleas or ticks. As for the treatment, Doxycycline is commonly prescribed to patients with murine typhus. Doxycycline is an antibiotic that effectively combats the infection caused by Rickettsia rickettsii. Therefore, the correct answer is true.

Yersinia enterolocitica is a bacterium commonly found in rivers and lakes. It can cause symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. This bacterium is often found in the gut of fish, and ingestion of raw contaminated fish can lead to infection.

An abscess is a circumscribed pus-filled lesion. It is a localized collection of pus that forms due to an infection. The pus is made up of dead tissue, white blood cells, and bacteria. Abscesses can occur in various parts of the body and can cause pain, swelling, and redness. They are usually treated by draining the pus and administering antibiotics to clear the infection.

Erysipelas is a bacterial infection that affects the dermis, causing inflammation and redness of the skin. It is characterized by a well-defined, raised, and painful rash that is often accompanied by fever and chills. Erysipelas is typically caused by Streptococcus bacteria and commonly affects the face and lower extremities. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to eliminate the infection and relieve symptoms.

Health care settings

Myonecrosis gas below the skin

gas bubbling and crackling sounds.

The correct answer is Ixodes scapularis; Ixodes pacificus. Deer tick is known by these scientific names. Ixodes scapularis is commonly found in the eastern and central regions of the United States, while Ixodes pacificus is found on the west coast. These ticks are known for transmitting Lyme disease, which is a bacterial infection that can cause various symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and joint pain. Understanding the scientific names of these ticks helps in identifying and studying their behavior and distribution.

Chlamydia is the correct answer because it is a sexually transmitted infection that can cause various symptoms such as salpingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ophthalmia, pneumonia, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy. Syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid are also sexually transmitted infections, but they do not typically present with the same range of symptoms as chlamydia.

Donovanosis is also known as Granuloma inguinale.

mild to severe

Group A

This would be the Diffuse Type.

Nodular form typically is seen in the cooler acral areas of the body such as nose, ears, chin and hands

they are all Chemotheraputic Agents and work effectively if caught early

The correct answer is Disseminated Gonococcal Infection (DGI) because the question mentions PPNG (Penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhea), which is a type of Neisseria gonorrhea that produces beta-lactamase. This enzyme allows the bacteria to break down penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics, making them resistant to treatment. DGI refers to a severe form of gonorrhea where the infection spreads from the initial site to other parts of the body, causing symptoms such as joint pain, fever, and skin lesions. Treatment for DGI typically includes antibiotics such as Ceftriaxone and tetracycline.

The correct answer is penicillin, blood transfusion, semisynthetic clindamycin. This combination of treatments is commonly used for the management of toxic shock syndrome. Penicillin is an antibiotic that helps to fight off the bacterial infection causing the syndrome. Blood transfusion may be necessary to replace lost blood volume and improve oxygen delivery to the tissues. Semisynthetic clindamycin is another antibiotic that can be effective against the bacteria responsible for toxic shock syndrome. Together, these treatments aim to eliminate the infection and support the patient's recovery.

Clostridium botulinum: botulism toxin is heat-liable.
Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin: produced in food and is thermostable.

Contagious
Host has minima cellular immune response

also known as Leptospirosis zoonotic disease of animals that can spread to humans

Melioidosis is known as the "Medical time bomb" because it is a potentially fatal infectious disease caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is found in soil and water. It can affect various organs in the body and can be difficult to diagnose and treat. Doxycycline is one of the antibiotics commonly used to treat melioidosis.

Tularemia is a plague-like disease that affects squirrels and can be caused by 10-50 colony forming units. It is transmitted through ticks and skinning animals. The suggested treatment for Tularemia is Tetracycline or Streptomycin. The correct organism name for Tularemia is Francisella tularenses.

Trench mouth, also known as Vincent's angina and ANUG (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis), is caused by a combination of bacteria including Bacteriodes, Fusobacterium, and Spirochaetes. These bacteria infect the gums and cause severe inflammation, pain, and ulceration. The presence of all three types of bacteria is necessary for the development of trench mouth.

Penicillin or Doxycycline are the recommended treatments for Lyme disease. Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is commonly transmitted through tick bites. Penicillin and Doxycycline are both antibiotics that are effective in killing the bacteria and treating the infection. The choice between the two depends on various factors such as the patient's age, allergies, and the stage of the disease. Penicillin is often used for early-stage Lyme disease, while Doxycycline is commonly prescribed for both early and late-stage infections. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for the appropriate treatment based on individual circumstances.

The correct answer is A & B. This is because both Borrelia hermsii and Borrelia recurrentis/Borrelia turicatae can cause the symptoms described, including high fever, shaking chills, headaches, and sweats. Borrelia hermsii is transmitted by ticks from rodents, while Borrelia recurrentis and B. turicatae are transmitted by lice. Therefore, both endemic and epidemic forms of the disease can cause these symptoms.

Periodontal disease can arise from bacteria in dental plaque. Plaque is a sticky film that forms on teeth and contains bacteria. If plaque is not removed through proper oral hygiene practices, the bacteria can cause inflammation and infection in the gums, leading to periodontal disease. This condition affects the tissues and structures supporting the teeth, including the gums, bone, and ligaments. It can result in symptoms such as gum swelling, bleeding, and tooth loss if left untreated. Regular brushing, flossing, and professional dental cleanings are essential for preventing and managing periodontal disease.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because all three types of leprosy (lepromatous, diffuse, and nodular) can present as multiple infiltrated papules and plaques. Lepromatous leprosy is characterized by numerous symmetrically distributed skin lesions that are infiltrated with bacteria. Diffuse type leprosy presents with diffuse infiltration of the skin, resulting in multiple papules and plaques. Nodular type leprosy is characterized by the presence of nodules on the skin, which can also appear as infiltrated papules and plaques. Therefore, all three types of leprosy can manifest with multiple infiltrated papules and plaques.

Also known as the medical time bomb.

Mexican typhus is also known as Rickettsia typhi because Rickettsia typhi is the causative agent of this disease. It is called Mexican typhus due to its prevalence in the Southwest region.

Azithromycin, Erythromycin, and Ceftriazone are all treatments used for Chancroid. Chancroid is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacteria Haemophilus ducreyi. These medications are commonly prescribed to treat the infection and alleviate symptoms such as painful ulcers or sores in the genital area.

The Weil-Felix test is used for the diagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). This test detects antibodies in the patient's blood that are produced in response to the bacteria that cause RMSF. The characteristic rash on the palms and soles is a key clinical feature of RMSF, and the Weil-Felix test helps confirm the diagnosis by detecting the presence of specific antibodies. The other options mentioned, such as the Willy Burgdorfer test, Woolsorters disease test, and Weils Disease test, are not specific to RMSF and are not commonly used for its diagnosis.

LYMEvax in dogs

Tetracycline is the correct answer for the treatment of non-specific vaginitis and non-gonococcal urethritis. Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is effective against a wide range of bacteria, including those that cause these two conditions. It works by inhibiting the growth and reproduction of bacteria, helping to alleviate the symptoms and resolve the infection. Penicillin, Doxycycline, and Erythromycin are also antibiotics, but they may not be as effective or appropriate for treating these specific conditions.

not-available-via-ai

Streptomycin and Tetracycline are the correct treatment options for Bubonic/Pneumonic plague. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that is effective against the plague bacteria, while Tetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that can also be used to treat the infection. These antibiotics work by inhibiting the growth and spread of the bacteria, helping to control the infection and prevent further complications.

Streptomycin is the correct answer for the treatment of Tularemia. Tularemia is a bacterial infection caused by the Francisella tularensis bacteria. Streptomycin is an antibiotic that is effective against this bacteria and is commonly used in the treatment of Tularemia. It works by inhibiting the growth and spread of the bacteria, helping to eliminate the infection. Other antibiotics like tetracycline, doxycycline, and amoxicillin may also be used in the treatment of Tularemia, but streptomycin is considered the most effective and commonly used option.

Dermacentor is the correct answer because it is a genus of ticks that includes the Rocky Mountain Wood tick. The other options, Xenopsylla and Pediculus, are not ticks but rather refer to different types of fleas. Therefore, Dermacentor is the only option that is related to ticks and specifically the Rocky Mountain Wood tick.

The correct answer is Endotoxins; Cytolytic endotoxins; non hemolysins. Endotoxins are toxins that are released from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria when they die or divide. These toxins can cause damage to the host cell by degrading cytoplasmic membrane integrity, leading to cell lysis and death. Cytolytic endotoxins specifically target and disrupt the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane. Non-hemolysins, on the other hand, do not cause the lysis of red blood cells. Therefore, the combination of endotoxins, cytolytic endotoxins, and non-hemolysins best explains the given statement.

Gingivitis is a biofilm containing salivary proteins, food debris, and bacterial cells and products. Plaque is a sticky film that forms on teeth and contains bacteria, but it does not specifically mention the presence of salivary proteins and food debris. Dental caries refers to the decay of teeth caused by bacteria, but it does not mention the presence of a biofilm. Periodontal disease is a more advanced stage of gum disease that affects the tissues supporting the teeth, but it does not specifically mention the presence of salivary proteins and food debris.

Group A strep, also known as Streptococcus pyogenes, is a bacteria that can cause various respiratory tract diseases. These diseases include strep throat, tonsillitis, sinusitis, and pneumonia. The bacteria can be transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Once in the respiratory tract, the bacteria can cause inflammation and infection, leading to symptoms such as sore throat, cough, fever, and difficulty breathing. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are important to prevent complications and reduce the spread of the bacteria to others.

The given information suggests that the person has limited skin lesions (less than 5), the smear test shows the absence of organisms, and the skin test shows a positive result. Based on these findings, it can be inferred that the person is likely suffering from paucibacillary leprosy. This type of leprosy is characterized by a low bacterial load, which explains why it is not contagious.

Gangrene is a disease that occurs when there is a stoppage of blood flow, typically caused by the blockage of blood vessels by dead tissue. This lack of blood supply leads to tissue death and can result in the affected area becoming black, dry, and eventually decaying. Gangrene can occur in various parts of the body, including the extremities, internal organs, and skin. It is often caused by underlying conditions such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, or severe infections. Prompt medical intervention is necessary to prevent the spread of gangrene and potential complications like sepsis or amputation.