Science 9, Unit 2

Proteins are built in the ___________________.

When a mutation is beneficial to an organism, it is a ___________ mutation.

A mutation which does not increase or decrease the survival rate of an organism is a ________________ mutation.

What type of cell is this?

What stage of mitosis does this image show?

When a mutation results in the probability that the organism will not be able to reproduce or survive in their environment, it is a ______________ mutation.

Specialized proteins that speed up the chemical reactions within your cells are called ____________.

Specialized proteins that act as chemical messengers are called ___________________.

What cellular structure is this?

What is the difference between plant and animal cells?

• Only animal cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

• They are the same.

• Only plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

• Only plant cells have ribosomes not connected to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Substances of factors that cause mutations are called:

• Mutagens

• Mutators

• Damaging substances

• Mutationers

Cancer is:

• The name for diseases that result from uncontrolled cell division.

• The name for diseases that result from cells that divide before DNA replication starts.

• The name for diseases that causes the cell cycle to reverse.

• The name for diseases caused by having multiple layers of the same cell type.

The sides of the DNA "ladder" are made up of:

• Sugar and phosphate

• Phosphate and thymine

• Cytosine and guanine

• Sugar and nucleic acid

What type of cellular structure is this?

The stages of mitosis are:

• Metaphase, eary prophase, metaphase, late prophase, anaphase, telophase

• Anaphase, early prophase, late prophase, telophase, metaphase

• Early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

• Telophase, anaphase, metaphase, early prophase, late prophase

What makes the offspring of organisms which sexually reproduce genetically different from each other?

• Each offspring inherits half its genetic material from its mother and the other half from its father, which combine resulting in genetic variation.

• Each offspring inherits twice as much genetic material than it needs (full set from mother + full set from father) and then randomly selects each chromosome.

• Every sex chromosome (X, Y) is genetically different, so no two offspring will inherit the exact same set of chromosomes from the father.

True or False.Meiosis occurs in sexual reproduction because each gamete must have a haploid set of chromosomes.

• True

• False

DNA stands for:

• Diphosphonucleic acid

• Dioxyribonucleic acid

• Dioxyribonucleic atom

• Dichromatonitrogen acid

The difference between chromatic and chromosomes is:

• Chromatin contains DNA and proteins. Chromosomes are the x-shaped structures that strands of chromatin form into for cell division.

• Chromatin is the x-shaped structures used in cell division. Chromosomes are the specific strands of chromatin used in protein production.

• Chromatin is the DNA found in animal cells and chromosomes are the DNA found in plant cells.

• Chromatin provides the cell with the information used in protein production, and chromosomes provide the cell with the information used in cell replication.

Put the steps of protein production in order.A.  The golgi body repackages the protein for transport out of the cell.B.  The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein.C.  The vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and releases the proteins out of the cell.D. The manufactured protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum.E.  The DNA message for a specific protein is copied into a small molecule called RNA.F. The RNA message is delivered to the ribosome, and the ribosome makes the protein.G. A vesicle forms off the end of the golgi body to carry the protein to the cell membrane.H.  RNA leaves through a nuclear pore.I.  A vesicle forms off the end of the endoplasmic reticulum and carries the protein to the golgi body.

• B, E, H, F, D, I, A, G, C

• C, B, E, F, G, I, A, D, H

• A, C, E, D, B, I, H, F, G, B

• I, E, B, F, G, H, A, C, D

If each of your cells has the same amount of genetic information, how can cells become specialized?

• Only specific chromosomes are unwound into chromatin.

• Only specific genes are read in each cell.

• The chromosomes that aren't needed are made non-functional by special proteins.

Genes are:

• The sections of your DNA that provide information used to control cell division.

• The collection of chromosomes you receive from each of your parents.

• Are the section of DNA used to make new ribosomes.

• Small sections of DNA located at specific places on a chromosome that provide the information to produce the different proteins used by your cells.

The stages of the cell cycle are:

• Growth, DNA replication, cytokinesis

• Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

• Interphase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis

• Mitosis, interphase, cytokinesis

How does cancer spread from one part of the body to another?

• Cancer cells absorb into nearby bones, then get released with new blood cells.

• Cancer cells send chemical messages through the blood stream instructing other cells to divide pre-maturely.

• It doesn't - you were just exposed to a particular mutagen in multiple places.

• Some of the cancer cells break away from the tumour and are carried by the blood stream.

You wake up one morning with a sore throat, and the doctor tells you that you have an infection caused by the streptococcus bacteria.  By what method were the bacteria able to reproduce in your throat so quickly?

• Budding

• Binary fission

• Fragmentation

• Spore creation

True or false.Gamete formation is the same in males and females.

• True

• False

What is a gene mutation?

• A mutation is a change in which bases pair together.

• A mutation is a change in the order of A,G,C, and T bases in a gene.

• A mutation is a change in the number of chromosomes an individual has.

• A mutation is a change in the way genes are organized on the chromosome.

True or false.Adult cells are diploid and gamete cells are haploid.

• True

• False

In which trimester can the mother begin to feel feta movement?

• First

• Second

• Third

What is the outer layer of the gastrula called?

• Ectoderm

• Mesoderm

• Endoderm

What is the difference between reproductive and therapeutic cloning?

• Reproductive cloning produces an individual, while therapeutic cloning is used to produce stem cells.

• Reproductive cloning uses an nucleus from an adult cell and an empty egg cell, which therapeutic cloning uses two adult cells.

• Reproductive cloning requires electricity to fuse the two cells, and therapeutic cloning does not.

• Reproductive cloning is much more successful than therapeutic cloning.

DNA can replicate by unwinding and breaking apart because:

• A and T pair, and C and G pair, so the two strands from the original form a template.

• Enzymes control which new bases are added to the two strands, making sure that they end up the same.

• It doesn't matter if the two new helices are different - that's where genetic variation comes from.

True or false?Fewer zygotes are produced in external fertilization vs. internal fertilization.

• True

• False

In which trimester does a human fetus develop a brain and spinal cord?

• First

• Second

• Third

If the original sequence of a gene is:  ATC CAG TTA AGC CCG and after mutation is:  ACC AGT TAA GCC CG What kind of mutation is it? Is it likely to be harmful?  (This question will have 2 answers checked)

• Addition

• Deletion

• Substitution

• Yes

• No

In which phase of mitosis happen? -replicated chromosomes coil into X-shaped chromosomes -nucleolus is gone, nuclear membrane breaks down -spindle fibres begin to form from the centrioles

• Metaphase

• Early prophase

• Late prophase

• Anaphase

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction.

• Large numbers of offspring are reproduced very quickly.

• The offspring are genetic clones.

• Large numbers of organisms mean that species can survive even when environmental conditions change.

• Energy is not required to find a mate.

During interpase the cell:

• Replicates its DNA, grows

• Grows, replicates its DNA

• Grows, replicates its DNA, and grows some more

• Grows, undergoes mitosis, separates

Chromosomes are comprised of:

• Two copies of a DNA molecule (called sister chromatids) joined by a centromere

• Two different strands of DNA (called sister chromatids) joined by a centromere.

• Two different strands of DNA (called chromatids) joined by a centriole.

• Two copies of a DNA molecule (called sister chromatids) joined by a centriole.

The main disadvantage of vegetative reproduction is:

• It takes a lot longer for the new plant to grow

• That new plants will grow close to each other and the parent

• The parent plant dies as soon as the daughter plant is large enough to survive

• Fields of flowers bloom all at the same time, shortening the length of the that the plant is "in season"

What is the correct order of the stages in embryonic development?

• Zygote - gastrula - blastula - morula

• Zygote - morula - gastrula - blastula

• Zygote - blastula - gastrula - morula

• Zygote - morula - blastula - gastrula

If the original sequence of a gene is:  ATC CAG TTA AGC CCGand after mutation is:  AAC CAG TTA AGC CCGWhat kind of mutation is it?Is it likely to be harmful?  (This question will have 2 answers checked)

• Deletion

• Addition

• Substitution

• Yes

• No

What is the male reproductive organ of flowering plants called?

• Pollen

• Pistil

• Stamen

• Style

The "rungs" of the DNA ladder are made up of:

• Chromatin and genes

• Sugar and phosphate

• A pair of phosphate bases

• A pair of nitrogenous bases

Some micro-cellular organisms like hydras and sponges reproduce by budding because:

• They only have a few different cell types

• They are attached to the rock, so don't have to move a lot

• They do not have an internal uterus

• They are too large to reproduce by binary fission - budding is a modified form of binary fission

True or false:Some reptiles can loose their tails and grow a new one.  This is an example of fragmentation.

• True

• False

Which of the following processes results in genetic variation during meiosis I? 

• Mutations

• Crossing over

• Independent assortment

• A and B

• All of the above

How is genetic variation maintained in flowering plants?

• Offspring have a gene that encodes for a protein which stops embryo growth if the genetic material is too similar.

• Seeds are transported before the begin to grow, so the offspring end up far away from the parent and each other.

• Plants have more instances of crossing over and mutation during meiosis than animals to increase genetic variation.

• The hard covering of seeds protects the offspring for a growing cycle, so that by the time it is mature and ready to reproduce, the parent has died.