Review 2019- Year In Review..

The concept of natural rights refers to the idea that individuals have inherent rights that cannot be taken away by any government or authority. These rights include life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The Declaration of Independence, a document that declared the American colonies' independence from Britain, included the concept of natural rights. This concept was heavily influenced by the ideas of John Locke, a philosopher who argued that individuals have natural rights that should be protected by the government. Therefore, the statement that the concept of natural rights was included in the Declaration of Independence and influenced by John Locke is true.

During the Enlightenment, there was indeed a shift from monarchies to revolutions across Europe. The Enlightenment was a period of intellectual and philosophical advancements that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism towards traditional authority. These ideas led to the questioning of the divine right of monarchs and the belief in the power of the people. This ultimately resulted in various revolutions, such as the American Revolution and the French Revolution, which aimed to establish new forms of government based on principles of democracy and equality. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately reflects this historical shift.

During World War I, France, Great Britain, and the United States were indeed allies. They formed the Triple Entente, also known as the Allies, to oppose the Central Powers, which included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. These three countries worked together to fight against the common enemy and support each other in various military and diplomatic endeavors throughout the war.

The US entered WWI due to both unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany and the Zimmermann Telegram. Unrestricted submarine warfare involved German submarines attacking any ships, including civilian vessels, without warning. This directly threatened American lives and interests. The Zimmermann Telegram was a secret message sent by Germany to Mexico, proposing an alliance against the US. This further angered the American public and led to their entry into the war. Both of these factors played a significant role in the US decision to join WWI.

The printing press was a significant innovation that played a crucial role in spreading the influence of the Renaissance and the Reformation. Before the printing press, books had to be handwritten, making them expensive and time-consuming to produce. However, the printing press allowed for the mass production of books, making them more affordable and accessible to a larger audience. This led to the widespread dissemination of ideas and knowledge, enabling the Renaissance and the Reformation to have a far-reaching impact on society, culture, and religion.

The correct answer is republic/representative democracy. This form of government is characterized by elected representatives who make decisions on behalf of the people. In a republic, the head of state is usually a president, elected by the citizens. The USA is a prime example of a republic/representative democracy, where citizens vote for their representatives and have the power to influence the decision-making process through elections and participation in the democratic process.

The positive impact of the Columbian Exchange is that it led to the spread of crops and new foods across the globe. This exchange of plants and animals between the Old World and the New World resulted in the introduction of various crops such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn, and tobacco to different parts of the world. These new foods significantly expanded the global diet and contributed to the development of agriculture and trade.

The given answer is true because the Declaration of the Rights of Man was indeed a document written during the French Revolution. This document aimed to establish the fundamental rights and freedoms that all individuals should possess, regardless of their social status. It emphasized principles such as equality, liberty, and fraternity, and had a significant influence on the development of human rights and democratic ideals worldwide.

Both A and B are correct because the main war strategies used in WWI were fighting a war of attrition to wear down the enemy and keeping up constant pressure/attacks, as well as fighting in trenches. These strategies were characteristic of the long and brutal nature of the war, with both sides attempting to gain an advantage through sheer persistence and defensive fortifications in the form of trenches.

According to Adam Smith, some people forget that in determining the wealth of a nation, it should not only be based on gold and silver, but also on other assets such as lands, houses, and consumable goods of all different kinds. These people tend to focus solely on gold and silver, assuming that multiplying these metals is the main objective of national industry and commerce. However, Smith argues that a country's wealth is much more diverse and includes various tangible assets beyond just precious metals.

During World War I, trenches were indeed dug in Europe and this method of warfare was known as trench warfare. Trenches provided protection for soldiers from enemy fire and were used as defensive positions. The war was fought in a series of battles where each side would try to gain control of enemy trenches through attacks and counterattacks. The conditions in the trenches were harsh, with soldiers facing constant danger and living in unsanitary and cramped quarters. Therefore, the statement "Trenches were dug in Europe and the war was fought in this method" is true.

Lenin was indeed the leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution. The Bolsheviks, under Lenin's leadership, played a crucial role in overthrowing the Provisional Government and establishing a socialist government in Russia. Lenin's ideas and strategies, including his famous April Theses, rallied the support of the working class and led to the success of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917. As the leader of the Bolshevik Party, Lenin became the first head of the Soviet Union and implemented policies that shaped the country's political and economic landscape.

During the Age of Exploration, the greatest cause of death to Native Americans (indigenous peoples) was disease. When European explorers arrived in the Americas, they brought with them diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, to which the Native Americans had no immunity. As a result, these diseases spread rapidly among the indigenous populations, leading to devastating consequences and high mortality rates. The lack of immunity and the rapid transmission of these diseases made them the greatest cause of death for Native Americans during this time.

The major common factor in all three revolutions is a weak or corrupt government. In all three cases, the government was either corrupt or ineffective in addressing the grievances of the people. This led to widespread dissatisfaction and a desire for change, ultimately resulting in revolutionary movements. The other options, such as growing populations, new advanced technologies, and policy of religious toleration, may have played a role in some of the revolutions, but they were not major common factors in all three cases.

The statement is true because during the Islamic Golden Age, Muslim scholars translated and preserved many Greek and Roman texts, which were then reintroduced to Europe during the Renaissance. This reintroduction of knowledge sparked a renewed interest in learning and led to the "rebirth of learning" in Europe.

Martin Luther was motivated to speak out against the Catholic Church because he observed that the sale of indulgences had become excessive and people were being financially burdened by the practice of "buying" forgiveness. This exploitation of the faithful troubled Luther, leading him to challenge the Church's teachings and ultimately sparking the Protestant Reformation.

Deforestation has had a significant impact on modern societies today by destroying wildlife habitats in the areas affected by deforestation. This destruction has disrupted ecosystems, leading to the loss of biodiversity and threatening the survival of many species. It has also disrupted the delicate balance of ecosystems, leading to negative consequences such as the spread of diseases and pests. Additionally, the destruction of wildlife habitats has also led to the loss of natural resources, such as timber and medicinal plants, which communities rely on for their livelihoods.

Martin Luther unknowingly helped to begin the Protestant Reformation. This religious movement, which started in the 16th century, aimed to reform the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism as a separate branch of Christianity. Luther's actions, such as his posting of the 95 Theses, his translation of the Bible into German, and his emphasis on salvation by faith alone, sparked a wave of religious and social change that had a profound impact on Europe and the world.

The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was the immediate trigger that set off the chain of events leading to the outbreak of World War I. However, it is not considered one of the main underlying causes of the war. Nationalism, militarism, and alliances were the primary factors that contributed to the tensions and rivalries among European powers, ultimately leading to the conflict.

The quote is from the Declaration of Independence. This document was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and it formally announced the thirteen American colonies' decision to break away from British rule. The quote emphasizes the belief in the equality of all individuals and the idea that certain rights are inherent and cannot be taken away. The Declaration of Independence is a significant document in American history and is considered a cornerstone of democratic principles.

Leonardo da Vinci incorporated the "Growth Mindset" into his life by believing that humans are fully capable of developing skills and talents in many areas. He demonstrated this by constantly working on his investigation skills and striving to improve himself. Additionally, his excellence as an artist and his long and full life are further evidence of his belief in the potential for growth and development in various aspects of life.

The construction of the Chunnel, an underwater tunnel between England and France, would likely result in greater trade and travel between England and other nations. The Chunnel provides a direct and efficient transportation link between England and mainland Europe, making it easier for goods and people to move between the two. This increased connectivity would facilitate trade and tourism, leading to greater economic interactions and cultural exchanges between England and other nations.

The ideas of the Enlightenment were most strongly embraced by the Third Estate. The Enlightenment was a philosophical movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights. The Third Estate, which comprised the commoners and the lower classes, was more receptive to these ideas as they sought to challenge the traditional social and political structures of the time. The First Estate, consisting of the clergy, and the Second Estate, composed of the nobility, were more resistant to change and held onto their privileged positions. Therefore, the Third Estate was the estate that most embraced the ideas of the Enlightenment.

The author's view of Imperialism in India is reflected in the statement that it helped the people of India by advancing and modernizing their government structures. This is evident from the quote where the author mentions that the Englishmen introduced Western education, modern thought, modern science, and modern life to India. The author also highlights that they built a strong and efficient administration and established courts of justice. Therefore, the author believes that Imperialism had a positive impact on India by bringing advancements and modernization to their government structures.

The correct answer is "Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood." The French Revolution, similar to the American Revolution, was driven by the desire for freedom and equal rights. The slogan "Liberty, Equality, Brotherhood" encapsulates the ideals of the French Revolution, emphasizing the need for individual liberties, equal treatment for all citizens, and a sense of unity and fraternity among the people. This slogan became a rallying cry for the revolutionaries and reflected their aspirations for a more just and egalitarian society.

A traditional economic system is characterized by direct trade, no competition, reliance on customs and traditions, and a focus on farming. This means that individuals and communities engage in direct exchange of goods and services without the involvement of intermediaries. There is no competition among producers as each community specializes in certain goods based on their customs and traditions. Agriculture plays a central role in this system as it is the primary means of sustenance and economic activity.

Thomas Jefferson's quote suggests that in a republic form of government, the power rests with the citizens. He emphasizes that a republic is a government where the citizens, as a whole, directly and personally participate in decision-making based on the majority's rules. This implies that the power does not solely lie with the leaders at the top of the government, but rather with the collective citizens who actively engage in governing their nation.

Montesquieu believed that in order to ensure political liberty, the government should be divided into separate branches. He argued that when the legislative and executive powers are concentrated in one person or body, there is a risk of tyranny. By separating these powers and having a system of checks and balances, the government can remain fair to citizens and prevent the abuse of power.

During the Renaissance, artists and thinkers were influenced by classical knowledge and art, leading to a shift in their approach to understanding the natural world. This shift resulted in intellectuals exploring scientific explanations for the world, as seen in the case of artists like Leonardo da Vinci. This exploration of scientific explanations during the Renaissance had a lasting impact on modern culture, as it paved the way for the development of scientific thought and the advancement of knowledge in various fields.

The Renaissance helped to spur the Age of Exploration because of the technological innovations and renewed the spirit of investigation- learning more about the world around them. During the Renaissance, there were advancements in navigation, cartography, and shipbuilding, which made it easier for explorers to venture out into the unknown. Additionally, the Renaissance was a time of intellectual curiosity and a desire to understand the natural world, which encouraged explorers to seek out new lands and expand their knowledge. The Age of Exploration was a direct result of these advancements and the renewed interest in exploration during the Renaissance.

The author feels that colonization benefited both the colonizer and the colonized.

Machiavelli's description of people as ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, and covetous reflects a realistic and pragmatic view of human nature. He does not idealize or romanticize people, but rather presents them as they truly are. This aligns with the concept of humanism, which emphasizes the importance of understanding and accepting human nature as it is, rather than how it should be. Machiavelli's focus on power and the strategies for obtaining and maintaining it also supports the idea of humanism, as it prioritizes the practical and realistic aspects of human behavior and decision-making.

During the Renaissance and Reformation Eras, the Catholic Church's power declined while the authority of monarchs increased. The Reformation, led by Martin Luther and other reformers, challenged the authority and teachings of the Church, resulting in the establishment of Protestant denominations. This led to a decrease in the Church's influence over the people, as many began to question its teachings and practices. Meanwhile, monarchs seized the opportunity to assert their authority and gain more control over their realms, often using the Reformation as a means to consolidate their power. This shift in power dynamics marked a significant change during this period.

The Spanish leaders in Latin America misused the Encomienda system by taking land from the inhabitants and enslaving the natives. The Encomienda system was initially intended to grant Spaniards an allotment of Indians who were to be protected and Christianized. However, instead of fulfilling this purpose, the Spanish leaders exploited the system by seizing land from the indigenous people and forcing them into forced labor, working the land, laboring in mines, and constructing public buildings. This practice of taking land and enslaving the natives went against the original intentions of the Encomienda system.

A social Darwinist would explain divisions within society by suggesting that the upper class, due to their advantageous traits and abilities, is better able to adapt and thrive in modern societies compared to the middle and lower classes. This explanation aligns with the quote from Charles Darwin, which emphasizes the survival and reproduction of individuals with any advantage over others. The social Darwinist viewpoint implies that the upper class has inherited or developed advantageous variations that allow them to succeed in society, while the middle and lower classes may lack these advantageous traits.

The Russian Revolution was caused by a combination of factors. Firstly, the high number of Russian troops deaths during World War I led to a loss of support for the war among the people. Secondly, the Bolsheviks, a radical socialist group, competed for power and influence in the government, further destabilizing the country. Additionally, food scarcity and inflation worsened the living conditions for the Russian people, contributing to their discontent. The lack of trust in the leadership of Tsar Nicholas II's wife, Alexandria, and the destructive influence of Rasputin also played a role in undermining the Tsar's leadership.

Imperialism impacted African societies by foreigners using the most fertile lands and taking wealth out of African nations. This is evident from the excerpt which states that white rulers owned the most fertile lands and mineral resources in the colonies, which were worked by natives under their direction. The foreigners benefited economically by exploiting the resources and taking wealth out of the country, while the hard work was done by the natives. This resulted in the colonization of Africa and the exploitation of its resources for the benefit of foreign powers.

The correct answer is "The Constitution set forth the functions and purpose of our US government." This is because the preamble to the US Constitution outlines the goals and objectives of the government, such as forming a more perfect union, establishing justice, ensuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common defense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty. It does not state anything about independence, the use of the preamble by other key thinkers, or giving all the power to the President.

During the Industrial Revolution, advancements in technology and transportation led to increased trade and communication between nations. This promoted a greater degree of interdependence among nations as they relied on each other for resources, markets, and labor. The establishment of global supply chains and the growth of multinational corporations further strengthened economic relationships among nations. This interdependence allowed for the exchange of goods, ideas, and capital, leading to economic growth and development on a global scale.

Gandhi's views about how government should rule its people can be best reflected in the statement "governments can bring the decline of their nations by enforcing rules with violence." This is evident from his quote where he criticizes the use of violence and wars as a means of countering injustice. Gandhi believed that fair laws and nonviolent resistance were the key to progress and the well-being of a nation. He emphasized the importance of individuals standing up against arbitrary laws and enduring suffering without resorting to violence. Therefore, the answer accurately captures Gandhi's perspective on government rule.

The correct answer is that a government that denies its people certain basic rights can be overthrown. This is expressed in the Declaration of Independence through its emphasis on the natural rights of individuals, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The document asserts that when a government fails to protect these rights and becomes destructive, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it and establish a new government that will secure their rights. This idea of the right to revolution is a fundamental political concept in the Declaration of Independence.

The US got involved in WWI due to the Zimmerman Note/Telegram, which was a communication intercepted by the British government revealing Germany's plan to form an alliance with Mexico against the US. This threat, along with the German use of unrestricted submarine warfare, where they attacked and sank American ships, pushed the US to enter the war. Additionally, the US had been trading heavily with the Allied Nations, which created economic ties and increased support for their cause.

The best conclusion that can be reached is that economic freedom is found within the market economy system. This conclusion can be drawn from the information provided, which states that in a market economy, industry and farms are privately owned and operated, and producers and consumers make most of the economic decisions. This suggests that individuals have the freedom to make their own economic choices and decisions within the market economy system.

King Henry VIII is the correct answer because he was responsible for establishing the Church of England, also known as the Anglican Church. In the early 16th century, Henry VIII sought to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon, but was denied by the Pope. Frustrated, he broke away from the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and declared himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This act led to the creation of the Anglican Church, with Henry VIII as its founder.

The quote by John Locke emphasizes the idea that all individuals are equal and independent, and therefore, no one should harm another in various aspects of life. This aligns with the concept of people having a right to equality and freedom. Locke's statement implies that individuals should be treated equally and have the freedom to live their lives without interference or harm from others.

The Roman Catholic faith does not belong with the Protestant religions that grew out of the Reformation because it predates the Reformation and has distinct beliefs and practices that differ from Protestantism. The Reformation was a movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church, resulting in the establishment of various Protestant denominations such as Lutheran, Baptist, and Methodist. Roman Catholicism, on the other hand, is a separate branch of Christianity with its own traditions, hierarchy, and doctrines.

England's desire to expand its empire led to the colonization of various territories and regions around the world. This colonization resulted in the establishment of British colonies in different parts of the globe, which had significant economic implications. England was able to exploit the resources and labor of these colonies, which contributed to the growth of its economy. The colonies provided a steady supply of raw materials and served as markets for British goods, leading to increased trade and economic prosperity for England. Additionally, the establishment of colonies allowed England to establish control over strategic trade routes and gain a competitive advantage in global commerce.