Radiographic Procedures: Upper Limb

The hand consists of 14 phalanges. Each finger, except the thumb, has three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), and the thumb has two phalanges (proximal and distal). Therefore, when we count the phalanges in the hand, we have 4 fingers with 3 phalanges each (12 phalanges) and 1 thumb with 2 phalanges, resulting in a total of 14 phalanges.

The correct answer is 8 because the wrist, also known as the carpus, consists of eight small bones called carpals. These carpals are arranged in two rows of four bones each, forming the structure of the wrist joint.

The correct answer is trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. These are the bones that make up the distal row of the wrist. The scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum are actually part of the proximal row of the wrist. The other options, supinate, lunate, trapezoid, sesamoid, metacarpal, epicondyle, do not accurately represent the bones in the distal row of the wrist.

The thumb has two phalanges. The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers and thumb. The thumb has a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx, giving it a total of two phalanges.

The hand consists of 27 bones.

The bones in the proximal row of the wrist are the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum. These bones are located on the thumb side of the wrist and are important for wrist movement and stability. The scaphoid is the largest bone in the proximal row and is commonly injured in wrist fractures. The lunate is located in the middle and helps connect the wrist to the forearm. The triquetrum is located on the pinky side of the wrist and provides support and stability to the wrist joint.

The lateral side of the forearm refers to the side that is farther away from the midline of the body. In the forearm, the radius is located on the lateral side, while the ulna is located on the medial side. Therefore, the correct answer is radius.

In an AP OBL PROJ of the elbow with medial rotation, the hand is pronated. Pronation refers to the rotation of the forearm in such a way that the palm faces downwards or towards the posterior side. In this projection, the medial rotation of the elbow causes the hand to be in a pronated position.

The statement "elbow fat pads are compressed in lateral position" is false. Fat pads in the elbow are typically visualized on X-rays when there is an injury or inflammation present. In a lateral position, the fat pads are not compressed but rather displaced. When the elbow is in a lateral position, the fat pads can be seen as elevated or pushed away from their normal position, indicating a possible injury or pathology. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

The correct answer is laterally then medially. When imaging a lateral elbow, the central ray (CR) enters the patient's body from the lateral side first and then moves medially. This approach allows for better visualization of the radial head, neck, and tuberosity, as well as the coronoid process of the ulna. By entering laterally and then moving medially, the CR ensures that all relevant structures are included in the image and minimizes any overlap or superimposition of anatomical structures.

In a lateral projection of the elbow with medial rotation, the elbow is positioned in a way that the arm is extended straight out and the palm of the hand is facing towards the body. This position allows for the best visualization of the elbow joint and surrounding structures from a lateral perspective.

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Contrast media are substances that are opaque to X-rays, making them appear white or bright on radiographic images. They are used to visualize internal organs, blood vessels, and other structures that may be difficult to see on standard X-rays.