Quiz 1 - Respiratory Disorder

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage located at the base of the tongue that automatically closes when you swallow. Its main function is to cover the opening of the larynx, or voice box, to prevent food and liquid from entering the airway. This helps to protect the larynx and prevent choking. The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords within the larynx, the trachea is the windpipe that connects the larynx to the lungs, and the pharynx is the throat that connects the nasal and oral cavities to the esophagus and larynx.

The Tuberculin Skin test (PPD) is the correct answer because it is a test that can determine past or present exposure to tuberculosis. It works by injecting a small amount of purified protein derivative (PPD) into the skin and then observing the reaction. If the patient has been vaccinated with BCG, they will test positive on this regardless of actual exposure to tuberculosis. This is because BCG vaccination can cause a false positive result on the test.

After a bronchoscopy, the client is usually advised to avoid eating or drinking until their gag reflex has returned. This is because the procedure can temporarily impair the gag reflex, which is important for preventing choking or aspiration. Once the gag reflex has returned, it indicates that the client's airway is protected and they are able to safely swallow liquids without the risk of aspiration. Therefore, the client can have liquids when his gag reflex has returned.

The right lung has three lobes. The lungs are divided into lobes, with the right lung being larger and having three lobes (upper, middle, and lower lobes) compared to the left lung, which has two lobes (upper and lower lobes). This division allows for efficient oxygen exchange and helps with the functioning of the respiratory system.

This answer is correct because increased contact with children does not directly address the issue of decreased respiratory system function. While it may enhance the elderly person's immunity against illness, it does not specifically target the respiratory system or address the symptoms or complications associated with decreased respiratory function. The other options, on the other hand, are all interventions that can help improve respiratory function or prevent complications.

In the alveoli, the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through diffusion. Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In this case, oxygen moves from the alveoli, where its concentration is higher, to the bloodstream, where its concentration is lower. Similarly, carbon dioxide moves from the bloodstream, where its concentration is higher, to the alveoli, where its concentration is lower. Diffusion is the most efficient and effective mechanism for this gas exchange to occur.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a condition characterized by the obstruction of airflow in the lungs, leading to difficulty in breathing. This obstruction can cause an increased total lung capacity, as the lungs may become hyperinflated due to trapped air. However, the vital capacity, which is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a deep inhalation, is decreased in COPD due to the reduced ability of the lungs to expand and contract effectively. Additionally, COPD can also lead to an increased functional residual capacity, which is the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation.

The elderly are more prone to respiratory infections because they experience a combination of factors that increase their susceptibility. Firstly, they have decreased elasticity of the lungs and bronchioles, which can lead to decreased lung function and difficulty in clearing out pathogens. Additionally, they have decreased ciliary action, which impairs the ability of the respiratory tract to remove mucus and trapped particles. Lastly, there is a decrease in the secretion of mucus in the respiratory tract lining, which further compromises the defense mechanisms against infections. All these factors combined make the elderly more vulnerable to respiratory infections.

Surfactant is a substance produced by the alveolar cells in the lungs. Its main function is to reduce surface tension in the alveoli, which helps to prevent the collapse of the alveolar walls during both inspiration and expiration. This allows for efficient gas exchange in the lungs and helps to maintain the structure and function of the alveoli.

Tidal volume is the correct answer because it refers to the amount of air that is inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing. It represents the normal amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs with each breath, without any extra effort or force. Tidal volume is an important measurement in assessing lung function and is typically around 500 mL in adults.

During the procedure, it is important for the patient to not move or cough. Moving or coughing can disrupt the procedure and may lead to complications or inaccurate results. By emphasizing the importance of not moving or coughing, the patient will understand the need for stillness and cooperate accordingly, ensuring a successful and accurate procedure.

Cellular respiration is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which cells obtain energy from glucose and release carbon dioxide as a waste product. During cellular respiration, oxygen is taken in by the cells and carbon dioxide is released. This exchange of gases occurs within the cells, making cellular respiration the appropriate term for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide within cells.

A positive PPD tuberculin test indicates that the individual has been exposed to the bacillus that causes tuberculosis (TB). It does not necessarily mean that the person has active TB or is allergic to the purified protein used in the test. It also does not indicate whether the person has a suppressed immune system. Therefore, the most likely explanation for a positive PPD test is that the person has been exposed to the TB bacillus.

Coughing and deep breathing actually promote gas exchange in the lungs by helping to clear mucus and increase the flow of air in and out of the lungs. Immobility can cause decreased gas exchange by reducing the movement of the chest wall and limiting the expansion of the lungs. Pneumonia can cause inflammation and fluid buildup in the lungs, impairing gas exchange. Smoking damages the airways and can lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which can greatly decrease gas exchange.

Thoracentesis is a diagnostic procedure that involves the aspiration of pleural fluid from the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This fluid is then examined for the presence of pathogens, abnormal components, and malignancy. It is commonly performed to diagnose and treat conditions such as pleural effusion, pneumonia, and lung cancer. By analyzing the pleural fluid, healthcare professionals can determine the underlying cause of the patient's symptoms and develop an appropriate treatment plan.

The nurse should encourage Mr. Henry to obtain a flu vaccine every fall because it is the most effective way to prevent influenza. Washing hands frequently in public places can help reduce the spread of germs, but it is not specific to preventing influenza. Visiting healthcare facilities only during the morning hours may reduce exposure to sick individuals, but it does not directly prevent influenza. Wearing gloves when caring for sick children can help prevent the spread of germs, but it is not a comprehensive preventive measure for influenza. Therefore, obtaining a flu vaccine every fall is the best option for Mr. Henry to prevent influenza.

The medulla is the portion of the brain that controls respiration. It is located in the brainstem and is responsible for regulating and controlling essential bodily functions, including breathing. The medulla contains specialized nerve cells that send signals to the muscles involved in respiration, allowing us to inhale and exhale. Damage to the medulla can result in respiratory problems and difficulties in breathing.

The visceral pleura is the correct answer because it is the layer of serous membrane that covers the lung tissue. The visceral pleura is the inner layer of the pleura, which is a membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the chest cavity. It is closely attached to the lung tissue and provides protection and lubrication for the lungs during respiration.

A spirometer is an instrument used to measure the ventilatory function of the lungs. It measures various aspects of lung function, including the volume of air that the lungs can hold, the rate of airflow in and out of the lungs, and the compliance of the lung tissue. This information is important in diagnosing and monitoring respiratory conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. A spirometer is commonly used in pulmonary function tests to assess lung health and to evaluate the effectiveness of respiratory treatments.

Turbinates are structures in the nasal cavity that have the responsibility of warming air as it enters the body. The turbinates are lined with a rich blood supply and have a large surface area, which allows them to warm the air through heat exchange before it reaches the lungs. This helps to prevent damage to the delicate lung tissue by ensuring that the air is at the appropriate temperature before it is inhaled.

Thoracentesis is a procedure in which a needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove fluid or air. Complications of thoracentesis can include air embolism, hemothorax, and pneumothorax. However, peripheral edema is not a complication of thoracentesis. Peripheral edema refers to swelling in the extremities and is not directly related to the procedure.

A respiratory rate of 16 and normal would be considered eupneic in an adult client. Eupnea refers to normal, unlabored breathing. A respiratory rate of 16 falls within the normal range for adults, which is typically between 12 and 20 breaths per minute. Additionally, if the breathing is normal and not labored, it indicates that the client is able to breathe comfortably and efficiently.

The major breathing stimulus in a healthy adult is carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase, the body responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing in order to remove the excess carbon dioxide and restore a balance. This is known as the respiratory drive. Oxygen levels in the blood also play a role in regulating breathing, but carbon dioxide is the primary stimulus. Bicarbonate and pH levels are important for maintaining the acid-base balance in the body, but they do not directly stimulate breathing.

The swallow reflex is not a protective mechanism of the upper airway. Instead, it is a reflex that helps in the process of swallowing food and liquids, ensuring they pass safely from the mouth to the esophagus and into the stomach. The other options listed, such as the cough reflex, cilia, and mucus, are all protective mechanisms of the upper airway. The cough reflex helps to expel foreign objects or irritants from the airway, while cilia and mucus work together to trap and remove particles, bacteria, and viruses from the respiratory tract.

As people age, their respiratory system undergoes various changes. These changes can include a decrease in the number of alveoli, decreased chest wall size, and increased rigidity of the thorax. However, it is not typical for aging to cause an increased cough. Therefore, the correct answer is "Increased cough."

Paracentesis is the correct answer because it refers to the puncture of the abdominal cavity to aspirate fluid. This procedure is commonly performed to remove excess fluid that has accumulated in the peritoneal cavity, which can be caused by conditions such as ascites or infection. Thoracentesis, on the other hand, involves puncturing the pleural cavity to remove fluid or air from around the lungs. Thoracotomy is a surgical procedure to open the chest cavity, and abdominoplasty is a cosmetic surgery procedure to reshape and firm the abdomen.

The right bronchus is a more common site for the aspiration of foreign objects because it is wider and more vertical compared to the left bronchus. This anatomy makes it easier for objects to enter and become lodged in the right bronchus, leading to potential blockage and respiratory complications.

Biots respiration, also known as ataxic respiration, is characterized by irregular breathing with sudden periods of apnea. It is commonly seen in neurologic disorders such as brainstem lesions or damage, as well as conditions affecting the respiratory centers in the brain. Severe brain pathology can also cause neurologic disorders, so it is not the specific answer in this case. Metabolic acidosis and emphysema are not typically associated with Biots respiration.

Mucuz is not a protective reflex of the respiratory system. Yawning helps to increase oxygen intake and regulate carbon dioxide levels. Coughing helps to clear the airways of irritants or foreign particles. Sneezing is a reflex to expel irritants from the nasal passages. However, there is no such reflex called "mucuz" in the respiratory system.

The correct answer is that the right trachea is shorter than the left. This is because the right main bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus. This anatomical difference makes the right lung more susceptible to aspiration pneumonia because it is easier for foreign substances to enter the right lung.