Life Span Development Psychology Questions!

Proteins are made up of amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are linked together in a specific sequence to form a protein. Each gene contains the instructions for producing a specific protein, so the correct answer is amino acids.

Chromosomal abnormalities occur when a zygote's cells have more or fewer than the usual 46 chromosomes. This means that there is an abnormal number of chromosomes present in the cells, which can lead to various genetic disorders and health conditions. The usual number of chromosomes in a human cell is 46, with 23 pairs of chromosomes. When there are more or fewer than this normal number, it can disrupt the balance of genetic material and cause developmental issues.

Proteins contain amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and are linked together in a specific sequence to form a protein. Each gene contains instructions for a specific protein, and these instructions are carried out by the sequence of amino acids in the protein. Therefore, the correct answer is amino acids.

Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii. It can be contracted by consuming undercooked meat contaminated with the parasite or through contact with cat feces or contaminated soil. The infection can lead to brain damage, loss of vision, and mental retardation, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems or pregnant women. German measles (rubella) is caused by a virus and does not typically cause these symptoms. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum and does not directly cause these specific symptoms. Lead or mercury pollution can cause neurological damage, but they do not specifically cause the symptoms mentioned in the question.

The statement is false. X-linked diseases are actually more common in males because they only have one X chromosome, so if they inherit a disease-causing gene on their X chromosome, they will develop the disease. Females, on the other hand, have two X chromosomes, so even if they inherit a disease-causing gene on one X chromosome, the other X chromosome may have a healthy copy of the gene, providing some protection against the disease.

To have a set of quadruplets consisting of two girls and two boys, at least two ova had to be fertilized. This is because each girl requires one ova to be fertilized to produce a baby girl, and each boy also requires one ova to be fertilized to produce a baby boy. Therefore, a minimum of two ova need to be fertilized to have the desired set of quadruplets.

Alcoholism is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic factors play a role in determining an individual's susceptibility to developing alcoholism. Some people may have a genetic predisposition that makes them more vulnerable to becoming addicted to alcohol. Environmental factors, such as growing up in a family or community where alcohol abuse is prevalent, can also contribute to the development of alcoholism. These factors interact and influence each other, leading to the onset of alcoholism in some individuals.

Most traits are polygenic, meaning they are influenced by multiple genes. These genes interact with each other to determine the expression of the trait. Therefore, the correct answer is that most traits are produced by many genes.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that studies have shown that early skin contact between parents and newborns is not necessary for the development of a strong parent-infant bond. While skin-to-skin contact can have various benefits for both the parent and the infant, such as regulating the baby's temperature and promoting breastfeeding, it is not the sole factor in establishing a strong bond. Other factors, such as responsive caregiving, emotional connection, and consistent nurturing, also play a significant role in fostering a strong parent-infant bond.

Cerebral palsy is a condition that is caused by a combination of genetic vulnerability and anoxia (lack of oxygen) during birth. This leads to difficulties in movement and speech. Asperger syndrome is a developmental disorder that affects social interaction and communication, while fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol and results in physical and cognitive impairments. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by abnormal thinking and perception. Therefore, cerebral palsy is the most appropriate answer based on the given information.

This explanation suggests that the reason for families having only male offspring generation after generation is that the men produce sperm with healthy Y chromosomes, but unhealthy X chromosomes. This means that when fertilization occurs, the Y chromosome is always passed on to the offspring, resulting in male offspring only.

Monozygotic twins, also known as identical twins, are produced when one ovum is fertilized by one sperm, but then splits to form two halves. This process is called twinning or embryonic splitting. As a result, the twins share the same genetic material and are essentially clones of each other. This is the correct answer because it accurately describes the process of monozygotic twin formation.

Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism, such as its physical appearance and behavior. The answer "both genetics and environment" is correct because phenotype is influenced by both genetic factors and environmental factors. Genetic factors determine the inherited traits and predispositions of an organism, while environmental factors, such as nutrition, exposure to toxins, and social interactions, can also shape the phenotype. Therefore, the phenotype is a result of the interaction between an organism's genetic makeup and its environment.

If you are blue-eyed and both your parents are brown-eyed, it means that you inherited a recessive gene for blue eyes from both of your parents. This suggests that both of your parents are carriers for blue eyes, meaning they have one dominant gene for brown eyes and one recessive gene for blue eyes. Since brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes, they express the dominant gene and have brown eyes themselves. However, they are carriers for the recessive blue eye gene, which they passed on to you.

After conception, the blastocyst is formed, which is a hollow ball of cells. Approximately a week after conception, the blastocyst separates into two distinct masses. One mass will develop into the placenta, which is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing embryo. The other mass will develop into the embryo, which will eventually grow into a fetus. Therefore, the correct answer is placenta and the embryo.

An individual with at least one X chromosome in the twenty-third pair might be a boy because the determination of biological sex is not solely based on the presence of an X or Y chromosome. While typically, individuals with XY chromosomes are male and individuals with XX chromosomes are female, there are exceptions to this rule. Some individuals may have atypical chromosomal patterns, such as XXY or XO, which can result in variations in sexual development. Therefore, it is possible for an individual with at least one X chromosome to be a boy, but further genetic and biological factors would need to be considered for a definitive determination.

During fetal development, the presence of the Y chromosome triggers the release of a biochemical signal. This signal instructs the embryonic tissues to develop male sex organs. The Y chromosome contains genes that produce proteins responsible for the development of male characteristics. Therefore, when the Y chromosome sends this biochemical signal, it overrides any signals sent by the X chromosome and directs the fetus towards developing male sex organs.

Males have a greater genetic vulnerability to harm by teratogens because they lack the protection of two X chromosomes. Unlike females who have two X chromosomes, males have only one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. This means that if a harmful gene is present on the X chromosome, males have no backup copy to compensate for it. In contrast, females have two X chromosomes, so if a harmful gene is present on one X chromosome, the other X chromosome can often compensate for it. Therefore, males are more vulnerable to genetic harm caused by teratogens.

The term "genotype" refers to an organism's entire genetic inheritance, including all the genes and alleles it possesses. It represents the genetic makeup of an individual, which may not always be expressed in the physical traits or characteristics (phenotype) that the organism exhibits. The genotype determines the potential for certain traits to be expressed, and it can be passed on to offspring through gametes, which are reproductive cells. The genome, on the other hand, refers to the complete set of genes or genetic material present in an organism.

During the germinal period, the outer cells of the embryo need to implant in the uterus. This is a crucial step for the embryo to establish a connection with the mother's blood supply and receive necessary nutrients and oxygen for further development. The implantation process involves the attachment of the embryo to the uterine lining, allowing it to grow and develop into a fetus.

Fraternal twins usually result from two ova that were fertilized at about the same time. This means that two separate eggs were released by the mother's ovaries and each egg was fertilized by a different sperm. As a result, the twins are not genetically identical and can have different physical characteristics and traits. This is different from identical twins, which result from one fertilized egg that splits into two embryos.

It is important to inform Lora that each drug, in this case, referring to alcohol and cigarettes, might intensify the effects of the other. This means that the combination of drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes can potentially have a more significant impact on her health and the health of her baby than if she were only doing one of these activities. It is crucial for her to understand this potential risk and make informed decisions about her behavior during pregnancy.

Cloning differs from giving birth to monozygotic twins because it involves removing a cell from one living creature and making it develop into another living creature. In the case of monozygotic twins, the process involves splitting the zygote in half to produce two genetically identical creatures. Therefore, the process of cloning is different as it does not involve the natural splitting of a zygote, but rather the manipulation of cells to create a new organism.

Molecules of DNA are referred to as chromosomes because chromosomes are structures made up of DNA molecules that contain genetic information. DNA molecules are tightly coiled and organized into chromosomes in the nucleus of cells. Chromosomes are responsible for carrying and transmitting genetic information from one generation to another.

Rubella, also known as German measles, can cause various complications in pregnant women, especially if contracted during the early stages of pregnancy. The virus can cross the placenta and affect the developing embryo. The correct answer, "eyes," is based on the fact that rubella can cause congenital cataracts, retinopathy, and other eye abnormalities in the developing fetus. These eye defects can lead to visual impairments or even blindness in the affected child. Therefore, it is important for pregnant women to be vaccinated against rubella to prevent such complications.

Regulator genes play a crucial role in determining the expression and interaction of other genes. While humans and other creatures may share a high percentage of genes, it is the regulator genes that control how these genes are activated and interact with each other. These regulator genes can vary significantly between species, leading to differences in development, behavior, and other characteristics. Therefore, the presence of different regulator genes in humans compared to other creatures is a key factor in explaining why we are so different from them.

The correct answer is two ova fertilized by two sperm. This means that the woman released two eggs during ovulation, and each egg was fertilized by a separate sperm. This resulted in the conception of fraternal twins, one boy and one girl.

The human genome contains approximately 25,000 genes. Genes are segments of DNA that code for specific proteins or traits. These genes contain the instructions for building and maintaining the human body. The number of genes in the human genome was initially estimated to be much higher, but further research has shown that the actual number is around 25,000. This number is relatively small compared to other organisms, such as plants, which can have tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of genes.

During the first hours and days of human development, the cells undergo duplication, division, and differentiation. Duplication refers to the replication of the genetic material within the cells, ensuring that each new cell has a complete set of DNA. Division involves the splitting of cells into two daughter cells through processes like mitosis or meiosis. Lastly, differentiation occurs when cells start to specialize and take on specific functions, forming different types of tissues and organs in the developing embryo.

Babies born between 23 and 26 weeks after conception are considered extremely premature and are at a higher risk for complications. These complications can include cerebral palsy and developmental delays. However, by the age of 8, approximately 20% of these children are expected to have no overall disability. This means that the majority of these babies will still experience some form of disability, but a significant portion will not have any major impairments.

People who are born with a low birth weight, like Reed who weighed 3.5 pounds at birth, are at a higher risk for developing obesity and heart problems later in life. This is because low birth weight is often an indicator of poor prenatal nutrition and growth restriction in the womb, which can lead to long-term metabolic and cardiovascular issues. Therefore, Reed's surprise at still being at a relatively high risk for obesity and heart problems is justified based on his birthweight.

Coughing or sneezing should be rated as a 2 on the Apgar scale. The Apgar score is used to assess the overall health and well-being of a newborn immediately after birth. It evaluates five different parameters: heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Each parameter is assigned a score of 0, 1, or 2, with 2 indicating the best possible condition. In this case, coughing or sneezing indicates a strong reflex irritability, which is considered a positive sign and receives a score of 2.

The proportion of all zygotes that have an abnormal number of chromosomes is about one-half. This means that approximately 50% of zygotes have an abnormal number of chromosomes. This can occur due to errors in cell division during the formation of gametes or fertilization. Abnormal chromosome numbers can lead to genetic disorders and developmental abnormalities in the resulting individual.

Tobacco is the psychoactive drug that slows fetal growth the most. Smoking during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on the developing fetus, including reduced oxygen supply, decreased nutrient intake, and constricted blood vessels. These factors can lead to restricted fetal growth and development, increasing the risk of low birth weight and other complications.

Having adequate brain development is the critical factor in attaining the age of viability. This means that the baby's brain has developed to a point where it can control basic bodily functions and respond to stimuli. Without adequate brain development, the baby would not be able to survive outside of the womb. Weighing at least 5 pounds, surviving at least 28 weeks past conception, and having functioning digestive and respiratory systems are important factors for a baby's overall health and survival, but they are not specifically related to the age of viability.

In genetics, a triplet refers to a sequence of three nucleotides (A, T, C, or G) that make up a codon, which codes for a specific amino acid or a stop signal in the genetic code. The genetic code is universal, meaning that each triplet codes for the same amino acid in all organisms, including humans. Therefore, the statement "Each triplet is the genetic code for a human being" accurately reflects this concept.