Psyc 341 Quiz 2

The correct answer is "Phonological loop." The phonological loop refers to the process of vocalizing a word for verbal comprehension. It involves the repetition and rehearsal of auditory information in working memory. This loop helps individuals retain and process verbal information, allowing for better understanding and comprehension.

Chunking refers to grouping or organizing information into smaller units or chunks. By chunking stimuli, we can increase the capacity of our short-term memory (STM). When information is presented in smaller, more manageable chunks, it becomes easier for our STM to process and retain. This allows us to hold and manipulate more information in our STM at a given time. Therefore, chunking stimuli is an effective strategy for increasing the capacity of STM.

According to the information provided in Chapter 5, it is commonly believed that Short-Term Memory (STM) can hold approximately 7 items, with a margin of error of +/- 2.

The research participant H.M. showed improved performance over trials. This suggests that he was able to learn and improve his tracing skills while looking in a mirror.

The correct answer is "the realization of environmental stimuli and the cognizance of mental events." Consciousness refers to being aware of and perceiving the things happening in the external environment as well as being aware of one's own thoughts, feelings, and mental processes. It involves recognizing and understanding both external stimuli and internal mental events.

A peg-word system is a mnemonic technique that uses a set of predefined words or rhymes to associate with numbers or other information. In this case, the mnemonic "one is a bun, two is a shoe..." is an example of a peg-word system because it uses words that rhyme with the numbers to help remember information.

Using ROYGBIV to remember colors of the rainbow is an example of a method of acronym. An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a series of words, in this case, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. By creating the word ROYGBIV, it becomes easier to remember the order of colors in the rainbow. This method is commonly used to help recall information by using the first letter of each word to create a memorable word or phrase.

The correct answer is "Dissociable Interactions and Conscious Experience." This is because the acronym "DICE" is defined as "Dissociable Interactions and Conscious Experience."

In tests of forgetting in STM, the concept of time is related to the concept of decay, as decay refers to the gradual fading or weakening of memories over time in STM. On the other hand, the concept of the number of items is related to the concept of interference, as interference refers to the phenomenon where the presence of other items or information hinders the ability to remember or recall specific items in STM. Therefore, time is to decay as the number of items is to interference in tests of forgetting in STM.

H.M. had part of his medial temporal lobe removed, which includes the hippocampus. This removal caused him to become amnesic and unable to store information in his long-term memory. Therefore, it is not true that the hippocampus was left intact. Additionally, it is mentioned that he was suffering from severe epilepsy, which was the reason for the surgery.

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The hippocampus, the cortex, and the cerebellum are the three primary sites of memory functions in the brain. The hippocampus is responsible for the formation and consolidation of new memories. The cortex, specifically the prefrontal cortex, plays a role in working memory and the retrieval of long-term memories. The cerebellum is involved in procedural memory, which is the memory for motor skills and habits. These three regions work together to support different aspects of memory formation, storage, and retrieval.

According to Schacter's DICE model, memory models are independent, meaning that conscious access to details of skilled/procedural knowledge is lacking. This suggests that individuals may have difficulty consciously accessing or recalling specific details or information related to their procedural knowledge or skills.

The clearest distinction between consciousness and unconsciousness is being awake or asleep. When a person is awake, they are aware of their surroundings and can actively engage with their environment. On the other hand, when a person is asleep, they are in a state of unconsciousness where they are not aware of their surroundings and cannot actively engage with their environment. This differentiation is based on the level of awareness and responsiveness to external stimuli.

The scenario that poses particular concerns about the quality of the memory is memory for child abuse. This is because traumatic events, such as child abuse, can have a significant impact on memory. Research has shown that memories of traumatic events can be distorted, fragmented, or even completely forgotten due to the emotional and psychological impact they have on individuals. Therefore, the memory for child abuse may be less reliable compared to other memories listed in the options.

Research on eyewitness memory has shown that memory is reconstructive. This means that when recalling an event, individuals do not simply replay a stored video of what happened. Instead, memory is influenced by various factors such as personal beliefs, expectations, and post-event information. As a result, memories can be altered or distorted, leading to inaccuracies. This understanding of memory has important implications for the reliability of eyewitness testimony in criminal cases.

False memories refer to the creation or recollection of events or experiences that did not actually occur. These memories can be reconstructed stories, meaning that they are fabricated or altered with or without the person's awareness. This implies that individuals may unknowingly or knowingly create false memories, either by unintentionally reconstructing events or by deliberately fabricating them.

One concern with regard to studies of consciousness is the reliability of subjective reports of conscious and unconscious experiences. This means that there is doubt about the accuracy and consistency of individuals' self-reports on their own conscious and unconscious experiences. This concern arises because subjective reports can be influenced by various factors such as bias, memory limitations, and the difficulty of accurately describing subjective experiences. Therefore, researchers need to be cautious when relying solely on subjective reports and consider other objective measures to study consciousness.

The correct answer for this question is decay; interference. In the probe-digit experiment, the researchers manipulated the time and number of items to examine the effects of decay and interference on memory. Decay refers to the fading or weakening of memory traces over time, while interference occurs when new or competing information disrupts the retrieval of stored memories. By varying these factors, the researchers aimed to understand how decay and interference influence memory performance.

The AWAREness framework is designed to evaluate where on the conscious continuum any entity lies. This means that it aims to assess the level of consciousness of any given entity, whether it is a human being, an animal, or even a machine. The framework provides a way to measure and understand the degree of awareness or consciousness that an entity possesses. It does not describe all the functions of consciousness, provide a model for testing hypotheses, or incorporate all theories of consciousness. Its main focus is on evaluating and determining the level of consciousness.

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Memory can be examined in terms of processes or in terms of its neurological basis. Metaphorically, memory can be thought of as a combination of software and hardware. The software refers to the processes and mechanisms involved in encoding, storing, and retrieving information, while the hardware refers to the neurological structures and circuits that support these processes. Just like a computer system, memory requires both software (processes) and hardware (neurological basis) to function effectively. Therefore, the correct answer is "software and hardware".

The levels-of-processing model of memory suggests that deeper levels of analysis result in more durable memories. This means that elaborating rehearsal, which involves actively engaging with the information and making meaningful connections, is better for memory than maintenance rehearsal, which simply involves repeating the information without any deeper processing. Additionally, the model proposes that memory is a by-product of information processing operations, meaning that memory is influenced by how information is processed and encoded. Finally, the model suggests that the traditional "boxes-in-the-head" models of memory, which view memory as separate storage units, are inaccurate. Therefore, all of the statements in the answer are supported by the levels-of-processing model of memory.

In the Loftus study described in Chapter 7, both groups of research participants were asked the same questions, not different questions. This is stated in the answer option. The study aimed to investigate how the wording of questions can influence participants' memory and perception of events. Therefore, it is not true that each group was asked different questions.

During the early twentieth century, the study of consciousness was avoided because it was considered too "mentalistic." This means that it was seen as focusing too much on the mind and subjective experiences, rather than on objective and observable phenomena. This perspective was prevalent during that time, as scientific research was shifting towards more objective and measurable approaches. Therefore, the study of consciousness was neglected due to its perceived lack of scientific rigor.