Principles Of Biology Chapter 2 And 3

The correct answer is "Catabolic." Catabolic refers to the process of larger things breaking down into smaller ones. This process involves the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy in the process. In the given example, the larger molecule C is broken down into smaller molecules A and B, with the release of energy (represented by "(L) (Sm)"). Anabolic, on the other hand, refers to the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones.

Lipids are hydrophobic, meaning they do not mix with water. Unlike carbohydrates, which are hydrophilic and can dissolve in water, lipids repel water and are insoluble in it. This is due to the chemical structure of lipids, which consists of long hydrocarbon chains that are nonpolar and therefore do not interact with the polar water molecules. Instead, lipids tend to cluster together and form separate droplets when in contact with water.

The subatomic particle electron has a negative charge. This is a well-known fact in physics. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit around the nucleus of an atom. They have a fundamental charge of -1. This charge is opposite to that of protons, which are positively charged particles. The negative charge of electrons allows them to interact with positively charged particles, creating the basis for chemical reactions and electrical currents.

The correct answer is C because it is the result or product of adding A and B together.

A pH level of 7 indicates a chemically neutral solution. At this level, the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-), resulting in a balanced solution. Solutions with a pH below 7 are acidic, while solutions with a pH above 7 are alkaline or basic. Therefore, a pH level of 7 is considered neutral.

If the polymer is a nucleic acid, the monomers are nucleotides. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of long chains of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA). These nucleotides join together through phosphodiester bonds to form the polymer, which carries genetic information and plays a crucial role in protein synthesis and other cellular processes.

The subatomic particle proton has a positive charge. This is because it contains an elementary positive electric charge, which is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the negative charge of an electron. Protons are one of the fundamental particles that make up the nucleus of an atom and play a crucial role in determining the overall charge and stability of an atom.

The pH scale is used to measure the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in a solution. It is a logarithmic scale that ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. A pH value below 7 indicates acidity, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkalinity. Therefore, the pH scale is the correct tool for measuring the H+ concentration in a solution.

HONC is an acronym used in organic chemistry to represent the four most common elements found in organic molecules: Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Carbon. These elements are essential building blocks for organic compounds, and their arrangement and bonding determine the properties and functions of the molecules. Remembering the order of HONC helps students understand the basic composition of organic compounds and aids in predicting their behavior and reactivity.

The word "mono" means "one." It is derived from the Greek word "monos," which also means "one." In English, "mono" is often used as a prefix to indicate singularity or uniqueness, such as in words like "monotone" or "monopoly." Therefore, "one" is the correct answer as it accurately represents the meaning of "mono."

Carbohydrates are hydrophilic, meaning they have an affinity for water. This is because carbohydrates contain hydroxyl groups (-OH) which can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. These hydrogen bonds allow carbohydrates to dissolve in water and interact with other hydrophilic molecules. In contrast, hydrophobic substances repel water and do not dissolve easily in it.

Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, resulting in a positive or negative electrical charge. This occurs when an atom either gains electrons to become negatively charged or loses electrons to become positively charged. Therefore, the term for atoms that are electrically charged as a result of gaining or losing electrons is "ions."

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are classified as homopolysaccharides because they are composed of only one type of monosaccharide, which is glucose. This means that the repeating unit in all three polysaccharides is glucose. Glucose is a simple sugar and is the primary source of energy for many organisms.

Oligo is a prefix derived from the Greek word "oligos" which means "few" or "little." In scientific terminology, oligo is used to indicate a small or limited number of something. Therefore, the correct answer "several" aligns with the meaning of oligo, as it implies a number that is more than one but not necessarily many.

Monomers are the smaller molecules that are joined together to form polymers. They act as the building blocks of polymers, undergoing a chemical reaction called polymerization to form long chains or networks. Monomers can be identical or different, and their arrangement and sequence determine the properties and characteristics of the resulting polymer.

Water is composed of two elements, oxygen and hydrogen. The chemical formula for water is H2O, indicating that each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom. This arrangement of atoms gives water its unique properties, such as its ability to dissolve many substances and its high boiling and melting points.

Hydrolysis is the process in which the covalent bonds between monomers and polymers are broken. It involves the addition of water molecules to the bonds, causing them to break and separate the monomers. This process is important for the breakdown of complex molecules into simpler components, allowing for digestion, recycling of nutrients, and the synthesis of new molecules. Hydrolysis is a fundamental process in biological systems and is essential for various cellular functions.

Water has several unique properties that make it essential for life. Cohesion refers to the ability of water molecules to stick together, creating surface tension. This property allows water to form droplets and enables capillary action in plants. Water also has the ability to regulate temperature, acting as a heat sink and maintaining stable conditions in aquatic environments. Additionally, water's freezing properties are crucial for the survival of aquatic organisms, as ice floats, insulating the water below and preventing it from freezing completely. Lastly, water is an excellent solvent for biochemical reactions, facilitating the transport of nutrients and waste products within living organisms. Therefore, all of the mentioned properties are true for water.

The subatomic particle neutron has no charge. Neutrons are electrically neutral, meaning they do not have a positive or negative charge. They are composed of three quarks (two down quarks and one up quark) which have fractional charges, but when combined, their charges cancel out, resulting in a particle with no overall charge. Neutrons play a crucial role in atomic nuclei, contributing to the stability and mass of atoms.

The monosaccharides glucose, fructose, and galactose are classified as hexose sugars because they contain six carbon atoms. Hexose sugars are important in metabolism as they serve as a source of energy for cells. Glucose is the primary fuel for cellular respiration and is commonly found in foods like fruits, honey, and sweetened beverages. Fructose is naturally occurring in fruits and vegetables and is commonly used as a sweetener. Galactose is less common but is found in lactose, the sugar present in milk and dairy products.

Because they are outside of the nucleus.

A polymer is a large molecule made by stringing together many smaller molecules, known as repeating subunits. It is a long chain of these repeating subunits, which gives polymers their unique properties.

If the polymer is a protein, the monomers are amino acids. Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds. Each amino acid has a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain. The sequence and arrangement of these amino acids determine the structure and function of the protein.

Macro means large.

If the polymer is a carbohydrate, the monomers are monosaccharides. Carbohydrates are macromolecules made up of repeating units of monosaccharides, which are simple sugars. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates and can be linked together through glycosidic bonds to form larger carbohydrate molecules. Therefore, if the polymer is a carbohydrate, the monomers that make up the polymer are monosaccharides.

As the size of the carbohydrate increases, it becomes less soluble. This is because larger carbohydrates have more complex structures and more hydrophobic regions, making it harder for them to dissolve in water. Additionally, larger carbohydrates tend to have more hydrogen bonds with each other, further reducing their solubility. Therefore, the increase in size leads to a decrease in solubility.

Bases are compounds that can accept H+ ions (protons) from a solution, effectively removing them. They have the ability to neutralize acids by accepting the H+ ions and forming water molecules. This process is known as protonation. Bases typically have a pH greater than 7 and can be identified by their bitter taste and slippery feel. Examples of bases include hydroxides, carbonates, and ammonia.

The 4 elements that are most prevalent in biology are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. These elements are essential for the structure and function of biological molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Carbon serves as the backbone of organic molecules, hydrogen and oxygen are important for water and energy production, and nitrogen is necessary for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids. These elements are found in abundance in living organisms and play crucial roles in various biological processes.

The correct answer is "Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere." This answer provides a comprehensive and accurate representation of the levels of organization in living things. It starts with the smallest units of matter (atoms and molecules), progresses to cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, and then encompasses larger scales such as organisms, populations, communities, ecosystems, and the biosphere. This answer covers all the necessary levels and demonstrates a clear understanding of the hierarchical structure of living organisms.

The correct answer is proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids. These four macromolecules are essential components of cells. Proteins are involved in various cellular functions and are made up of amino acids. Carbohydrates provide energy to the cell and are composed of sugars. Lipids are important for cell membrane structure and function. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, carry genetic information and are involved in protein synthesis.

Poly is a prefix derived from the Greek word "polys," meaning "many" or "multiple." It is commonly used in English to indicate the presence of multiple or several things. Therefore, the correct answer for the meaning of "poly" is "many."

In the given chemical reaction, A and B combine to form C. Therefore, A and B are the reactants in this reaction.

The correct answer is "aqueous" because the fluids of organisms, such as blood and cytoplasm, are primarily composed of water. These fluids contain dissolved substances, such as ions, nutrients, and waste products, which are dispersed in the water medium. Therefore, they can be described as aqueous solutions.

Acids are chemical compounds that release H+ ions to a solution. When dissolved in water, acids increase the concentration of H+ ions, making the solution more acidic. This release of H+ ions is what gives acids their characteristic sour taste and ability to react with metals, carbonates, and bases. Therefore, acids are the correct answer to the question.

Carbon forms four bonds because it has four valence electrons. These electrons can form covalent bonds with other atoms, allowing carbon to form stable compounds with a wide variety of elements. This ability to form multiple bonds is essential for the diversity and complexity of organic molecules, making carbon the backbone of organic chemistry.

Proteins in the human body are made up of 20 different amino acids. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and each protein is composed of a specific sequence of these amino acids. These amino acids are essential for various biological functions and play a crucial role in the structure and function of proteins.

The functional groups of an amino acid are the amino group and the carboxyl group. The amino group (-NH2) is responsible for giving the amino acid its basic properties, while the carboxyl group (-COOH) is responsible for giving the amino acid its acidic properties. Therefore, both groups are present in an amino acid, making the correct answer "all of the above".

Dehydration synthesis is the chemical process that forms covalent bonds between monomers to create polymers. During dehydration synthesis, water molecules are removed from the monomers, allowing them to bond together and form a larger molecule. This process is essential for the formation of many biological macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates.

Subatomic particles are the fundamental particles that make up atoms. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. Neutrons are neutral particles also found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus. Together, these three particles make up the building blocks of matter.

Hydrogen forms only one bond. This is because hydrogen has only one electron in its outer shell, and it requires one more electron to achieve a stable configuration. Therefore, hydrogen can only form one bond by sharing its electron with another atom.

The process described in the question, where smaller things are built up to larger, is known as anabolic. In anabolic processes, energy is used to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones, leading to the growth and development of larger structures. This is the opposite of catabolic processes, where larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones. Therefore, anabolic is the correct answer as it accurately describes the process mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is peptide bond. Peptide bonds are a type of covalent bond that holds the monomers of proteins, called amino acids, together. These bonds form between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid, resulting in the formation of a peptide chain. This bond is crucial for the structure and function of proteins, as it determines the specific sequence of amino acids in the protein molecule.

Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are the three macromolecules that are also polymers. Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharide units that form polysaccharides. Proteins are made up of amino acid monomers that link together through peptide bonds to form polypeptides. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are composed of nucleotide monomers that join together to form polynucleotide chains. These three macromolecules exhibit polymerization, where smaller units are linked together to form larger, more complex structures.

A hydrogen bond is a type of chemical bond that occurs when a hydrogen atom is attracted to an electronegative atom (such as oxygen or nitrogen) in a different molecule. This bond is weaker than covalent or ionic bonds, but it still plays an important role in stabilizing the structure of many biological molecules, such as DNA and proteins.