Clinical Neurodiagnostic Science Test

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  • 1/123 Questions

    A malignant tumor is characterized by being life threatening, invasive and rapid growing.

    • True
    • False
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About This Quiz

Neurodiagnostics is the allied health care profession that records, monitors, and analyzes nervous system function to promote the effective treatment of pathologic conditions.

Clinical Neurodiagnostic Science Test - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Which of the following are classifications of brain tumors?

    • Primary brain tumors

    • Intracranial structures other than the brain

    • Metastatic brain tumors

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The answer "All of the above" is correct because all three options listed - primary brain tumors, intracranial structures other than the brain, and metastatic brain tumors - are classifications of brain tumors. Primary brain tumors refer to tumors that originate in the brain itself, while intracranial structures other than the brain include tumors that develop in structures such as the meninges or pituitary gland. Metastatic brain tumors are tumors that spread to the brain from other parts of the body. Therefore, all three options are valid classifications of brain tumors.

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  • 3. 

    Infections of the brain are caused by: 

    • Bacteria

    • Viruses

    • Fungi

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Infections of the brain can be caused by various microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Bacterial infections such as meningitis can lead to inflammation of the brain and its surrounding tissues. Viral infections like encephalitis can also affect the brain and cause inflammation. Fungal infections, although less common, can occur in individuals with weakened immune systems and can also lead to brain infections. Therefore, all of the mentioned microorganisms can cause infections in the brain.

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  • 4. 

    Focal neurological event caused by temporary and partial neuronal ischemia, may last minutes minutes to hours but generally completely clears up, temporary symptoms are dependent on the involved artery: 

    • Arteriovenous Malformation

    • Transient Ischemic Attack

    • Hemorrhagic Stroke

    • Ischemic Stroke

    Correct Answer
    A. Transient Ischemic Attack
    Explanation
    A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a focal neurological event caused by temporary and partial neuronal ischemia. It is characterized by temporary symptoms that may last minutes to hours but generally completely clear up. The symptoms experienced during a TIA are dependent on the involved artery. Therefore, the correct answer is Transient Ischemic Attack.

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  • 5. 

    Used to obtain samples of cerebrospinal fluid to aid in neurological diagnosis, headache pain is generalized, relief when in the supine position: 

    • Headaches caused by Intracranial Pressure

    • Headaches caused by muscular tension

    • Headaches following Lumbar Puncture

    • Classic Migraine

    Correct Answer
    A. Headaches following Lumbar Puncture
    Explanation
    Headaches following Lumbar Puncture can occur due to a decrease in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure after the procedure. When CSF is removed during a lumbar puncture, it can cause a temporary decrease in fluid volume and pressure around the brain and spinal cord. This can lead to a headache that is typically generalized and worsens when sitting or standing up. The headache is often relieved when the person lies down in a supine position. Therefore, this type of headache is commonly associated with lumbar puncture procedures.

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  • 6. 

    EEG pattern: usually present with excessive muscle artifact:

    • Classic migraine

    • Hemiplegia migraine

    • Headaches caused by Intracranial Pressure 

    • Headaches caused by muscular tension

    Correct Answer
    A. Headaches caused by muscular tension
    Explanation
    Headaches caused by muscular tension can often be accompanied by an EEG pattern that shows excessive muscle artifact. This means that the electrical activity recorded by the EEG is disrupted or distorted due to the excessive muscle activity in the head and neck muscles. This can be a common characteristic of tension headaches, which are typically caused by muscle contractions and tension in the head and neck region.

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  • 7. 

    Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease is caused by a transmissible: 

    • Virus

    • Prion

    • Bacteria

    • Spore

    Correct Answer
    A. Prion
    Explanation
    Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by a transmissible prion. Prions are abnormal proteins that can cause normal proteins in the brain to become misfolded, leading to the formation of plaques and the progressive degeneration of brain tissue. These misfolded proteins can be transmitted from person to person through contaminated tissues or medical procedures. Unlike viruses, bacteria, or spores, prions do not contain genetic material and are not considered living organisms.

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  • 8. 

    Slow growing, arise from arachnoid villi of the meninges in the CNS, symptoms caused by compression of the brain: 

    • Medulloblastomas

    • Meningiomas

    • Glioblastoma Multiforme

    • Oligodendrogliomas

    Correct Answer
    A. Meningiomas
    Explanation
    Meningiomas are slow-growing tumors that originate from the arachnoid villi of the meninges in the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors cause symptoms by compressing the brain. Medulloblastomas, glioblastoma multiforme, and oligodendrogliomas are different types of brain tumors but they do not specifically arise from the arachnoid villi of the meninges. Therefore, the correct answer is meningiomas.

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  • 9. 

    Unable to see to side opposite of lesion out of either eye: 

    • Frontal Lobe

    • Temporal Lobe

    • Parietal Lobe

    • Occipital Lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Occipital Lobe
    Explanation
    The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information, including the ability to see objects and images. Lesions or damage to the occipital lobe can result in visual deficits, such as the inability to see the side opposite of the lesion out of either eye. This is because the occipital lobe plays a crucial role in processing visual signals from both eyes and integrating them to form a complete visual perception.

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  • 10. 

    Rupture of a blood vessel and bleeding directly into the brain: 

    • Ischemic stroke

    • Hemorrhagic stroke

    • Arteriovenous Malformations

    • Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)

    Correct Answer
    A. Hemorrhagic stroke
    Explanation
    A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel ruptures and causes bleeding directly into the brain. This can be caused by conditions such as high blood pressure, aneurysms, or arteriovenous malformations. The bleeding puts pressure on the brain tissue and can cause damage and neurological symptoms. Ischemic stroke, on the other hand, occurs when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, leading to a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the affected area. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain, often referred to as a "mini-stroke".

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  • 11. 

    Clinically presents with sudden blurring of the vision, vertigo, gait ataxia, dysarthria, acroparesthesia, pulsatile occipital headache with vomiting, most common in older children:

    • Classic migraine

    • Common migraine

    • Hemiplegia migrane

    • Basilar migraine

    Correct Answer
    A. Basilar migraine
    Explanation
    Basilar migraine is the correct answer because it is characterized by the sudden onset of symptoms such as blurred vision, vertigo, gait ataxia, dysarthria, acroparesthesia, pulsatile occipital headache with vomiting. It is most commonly seen in older children. This type of migraine is caused by abnormal brainstem activity and is often associated with hormonal changes. It is important to differentiate basilar migraine from other types of migraines in order to provide appropriate treatment and management for the patient.

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  • 12. 

    Autosomal dominant gene (hereditary), diffuse neuronal loss in gray matter, caudate nucleus is most severely affected, ones 20- 40 years old, length of illness is 17 years:

    • Alzheimer's disease

    • Parkinson's disease

    • Pick's disease

    • Huntington's chorea disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Huntington's chorea disease
    Explanation
    Huntington's chorea disease is the correct answer because it is an autosomal dominant gene disorder that causes diffuse neuronal loss in the gray matter of the brain. It primarily affects the caudate nucleus, leading to motor symptoms such as chorea (involuntary movements). The onset of symptoms typically occurs between the ages of 20 and 40, and the length of illness can be as long as 17 years. This description matches the characteristics of Huntington's chorea disease.

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  • 13. 

    Slow growing, occurs before age 50, 10% spread via CSF, more common in children:

    • Ependymomas

    • Oligodendrogliomas

    • Medulloblastomas

    • Glioblastoma Multiforme

    Correct Answer
    A. Ependymomas
    Explanation
    Ependymomas are slow-growing tumors that typically occur before the age of 50. They have a unique characteristic of spreading through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in about 10% of cases. Ependymomas are more commonly found in children compared to other types of brain tumors listed. This explanation provides the necessary information to identify ependymomas as the correct answer without explicitly stating it.

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  • 14. 

    Occurs when an object such as a bullet fractures the skull and damages brain tissue or the surrounding membranes, victims may suffer from infection and contamination: 

    • Closed head injury

    • Open head injury

    • Contusion

    • Laceration

    Correct Answer
    A. Open head injury
    Explanation
    An open head injury occurs when an object, such as a bullet, fractures the skull and damages the brain tissue or the surrounding membranes. This type of injury is characterized by a break in the skull, which allows the brain to be exposed to the external environment. Due to the open nature of the injury, victims are at a higher risk of infection and contamination, which can further complicate their condition.

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  • 15. 

    Breaks at the base of the skull, can cause tears in the meninges which may cause leakage of cerebrospinal fluid the nose and ears: 

    • Linear skull fracture

    • Depressed skull fracture

    • Diastatic skull fracture

    • Basilar skull fracture

    Correct Answer
    A. Basilar skull fracture
    Explanation
    Basilar skull fractures occur at the base of the skull and can cause tears in the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. These tears can lead to the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose and ears. Linear skull fractures are simple, straight breaks in the skull, while depressed skull fractures involve the bone being pushed inward. Diastatic skull fractures occur along the suture lines in the skull. Basilar skull fractures specifically refer to breaks at the base of the skull, which can result in the described symptoms.

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  • 16. 

    Tearing of the brain tissue, most severe, difficult to differentiate: 

    • Closed head injury

    • Open head injury

    • Contusion 

    • Laceration

    Correct Answer
    A. Laceration
    Explanation
    Laceration refers to a tear or cut in the brain tissue, which is the most severe type of injury. It is difficult to differentiate from other types of brain injuries because it involves a deep and jagged wound. Closed head injury refers to trauma without an open wound, while open head injury involves a visible penetration of the skull. Contusion refers to a bruise on the brain tissue. Therefore, laceration is the correct answer as it specifically describes tearing of the brain tissue.

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  • 17. 

    Congenital defects of a cerebral artery, muscular wall of artery is absent at a point of branching, and the vessel balloons out at this weak point because it cannot withstand the pressure: 

    • Ischemic stroke

    • Lacunar infarct

    • Hemorrhagic stroke 

    • Berry aneurysm 

    Correct Answer
    A. Berry aneurysm 
    Explanation
    A berry aneurysm is a congenital defect of a cerebral artery where the muscular wall of the artery is absent at a point of branching. This weak point causes the vessel to balloon out, as it is unable to withstand the pressure. This condition can lead to a rupture and subsequent hemorrhagic stroke. Therefore, the correct answer is Berry aneurysm.

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  • 18. 

    Clinically presents with paralysis of one side of the body.

    • Classic migraine

    • Common migraine

    • Hemiplegia migrane

    • Basilar migrane 

    Correct Answer
    A. Hemiplegia migrane
    Explanation
    Hemiplegic migraine is a type of migraine that is characterized by temporary paralysis or weakness on one side of the body. This paralysis can affect the face, arm, and leg on one side, and typically lasts for a few hours to a few days. Other symptoms of hemiplegic migraine may include difficulty speaking, vision changes, and sensory disturbances. It is important to note that hemiplegic migraine is a rare condition and should be properly diagnosed and treated by a healthcare professional.

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  • 19. 

    Headache that gets worse or does not go away, repeated vomiting or nausea, convulsion or seizures, inability to awaken from sleep, slurred speech, loss of coordination:

    • Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

    • Moderate- Severe TBI

    • Non- blast TBI

    • Blast TBI

    Correct Answer
    A. Moderate- Severe TBI
    Explanation
    The symptoms described in the question, such as headache that gets worse or does not go away, repeated vomiting or nausea, convulsion or seizures, inability to awaken from sleep, slurred speech, and loss of coordination, are indicative of a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). These symptoms suggest significant damage to the brain, which can result from a severe blow or jolt to the head. It is important to seek immediate medical attention in such cases to prevent further complications and ensure proper treatment.

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  • 20. 

    Injury that results from the complex pressure wave generated by an explosion:

    • Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

    • Moderate- Severe TBI

    • Non- blast TBI

    • Blast TBI

    Correct Answer
    A. Blast TBI
    Explanation
    Blast TBI is the correct answer because it refers to an injury that occurs as a result of the complex pressure wave generated by an explosion. This type of injury can cause damage to the brain due to the sudden increase in pressure and the subsequent release of energy. Blast TBI can range from mild to severe, depending on the intensity of the explosion and the proximity to the blast.

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  • 21. 

    Wound in which a projectile breaches the cranium but does not exit it:

    • Blast TBI

    • Penetrating TBI

    • Non- Blast TBI

    • Moderate- Severe TBI

    Correct Answer
    A. Penetrating TBI
    Explanation
    A penetrating TBI refers to a wound in which a projectile breaches the cranium but does not exit it. This means that the object or projectile has entered the skull but remains inside, causing damage to the brain. This type of injury can be caused by various objects such as bullets, shrapnel, or other sharp objects. It is different from a blast TBI, which is caused by the pressure wave generated by an explosion, and non-blast TBI, which refers to traumatic brain injuries that are not caused by blasts. Moderate-severe TBI refers to the severity of the injury rather than the specific type.

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  • 22. 

    EEG pattern: very low amplitude background activity, artifact from choreiform movements (arm/legs/head). 

    • Alzheimer's disease

    • Parkinson's disease

    • Pick's disease

    • Huntington's chorea disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Huntington's chorea disease
    Explanation
    The given EEG pattern shows very low amplitude background activity, which suggests a neurological disorder. The presence of artifacts from choreiform movements (abnormal, involuntary movements of the arms, legs, and head) is indicative of Huntington's chorea disease. This genetic disorder affects the central nervous system and leads to the progressive degeneration of brain cells. The symptoms include involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbances. Therefore, Huntington's chorea disease is the most appropriate explanation for the given EEG pattern.

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  • 23. 

    Clot is carried in the bloodstream from a larger vessel into a smaller vessel: 

    • Thrombosis

    • Embolus

    • Berry aneurysm

    • Lacunar infarct 

    Correct Answer
    A. Embolus
    Explanation
    When a clot is carried in the bloodstream from a larger vessel into a smaller vessel, it is referred to as an embolus. An embolus is a blood clot or foreign material that travels through the bloodstream and gets lodged in a smaller blood vessel, causing a blockage. This can lead to various complications depending on the location of the blockage, such as a stroke if the embolus blocks a blood vessel in the brain.

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  • 24. 

    A bruise, involves structural alteration of the brain, characterized by intracerebral bleeding and death of tissue, injury may occur on side of impact (coup) or opposite side of impact (contracoup), symptoms include prolonged unconsciousness and localized neurological deficits, more diffuse:

    • Closed head injury

    • Open head injury

    • Contusion

    • Laceration

    Correct Answer
    A. Contusion
    Explanation
    A contusion is the correct answer because it involves structural alteration of the brain, characterized by intracerebral bleeding and death of tissue. It can occur on the side of impact (coup) or the opposite side of impact (contracoup). Symptoms of a contusion include prolonged unconsciousness and localized neurological deficits. A closed head injury refers to any injury to the head that does not break the skull, while an open head injury involves a break in the skull. Laceration refers to a deep cut or tear in the skin or flesh.

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  • 25. 

    Diminished amounts of dopamine produced in the basal ganglia attacks the motor system, affecting movement, speech and balance, rigidity:

    • Parkinson's disease

    • Alzheimer's disease

    • Pick's Disease

    • Huntington's Chorea Disease

    Correct Answer
    A. Parkinson's disease
    Explanation
    Diminished amounts of dopamine in the basal ganglia disrupt the normal functioning of the motor system, leading to symptoms such as impaired movement, speech difficulties, balance problems, and muscle rigidity. This description aligns with Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain. The other options, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, and Huntington's Chorea disease, are not associated with the specific disruption of dopamine in the basal ganglia.

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  • 26. 

    Complex partial seizures, Inability to recognize sounds, memory loss:

    • Frontal Lobe

    • Temporal Lobe

    • Parietal Lobe

    • Occipital Lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Temporal Lobe
    Explanation
    The temporal lobe is responsible for processing auditory information and plays a crucial role in memory formation. Complex partial seizures, characterized by altered consciousness and abnormal movements, can originate from the temporal lobe. Inability to recognize sounds and memory loss are consistent with dysfunction in this area. Therefore, the temporal lobe is the most likely explanation for the symptoms described.

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  • 27. 

    Personality change, jacksonian seizure, expressive aphasia, impaired contralateral motor control: 

    • Frontal Lobe

    • Temporal Lobe

    • Parietal Lobe

    • Occipital Lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Frontal Lobe
    Explanation
    The frontal lobe is responsible for personality, behavior, and emotional control. Personality change can occur when there is damage or dysfunction in this area. Jacksonian seizures are a type of seizure that starts in the motor cortex, which is located in the frontal lobe. Expressive aphasia is a language disorder that affects the ability to produce speech, and it can result from damage to the frontal lobe. Impaired contralateral motor control, meaning difficulty in controlling movements on the opposite side of the body, can also be a result of frontal lobe damage. Therefore, all the symptoms mentioned are associated with dysfunction in the frontal lobe.

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  • 28. 

    Cortical sensory loss, unable to draw patterns, unable to calculate, unable to speak of understand spoken words:

    • Frontal Lobe

    • Temporal Lobe

    • Parietal Lobe

    • Occipital Lobe

    Correct Answer
    A. Parietal Lobe
    Explanation
    The parietal lobe is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, and pain. It also plays a role in spatial awareness and perception. Cortical sensory loss refers to a loss of sensation in the body, which could be caused by damage to the parietal lobe. The inability to draw patterns, calculate, and speak or understand spoken words are all cognitive functions that are not typically associated with the parietal lobe. Therefore, the parietal lobe is not the correct answer.

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  • 29. 

    Seen in tumors near the cortical surface: 

    • Focal polymorphic (Arrhythmic Delta)

    • Focal theta or slowing of the background activity

    • Loss of background activity/ attenuation

    • IRDA

    Correct Answer
    A. Loss of background activity/ attenuation
    Explanation
    Loss of background activity/attenuation refers to a pattern seen in tumors near the cortical surface. It indicates a decrease or absence of normal brain activity in the background, which can be observed on an electroencephalogram (EEG). This pattern is often associated with the presence of a tumor affecting the cortical tissue and disrupting normal brain function. The loss of background activity/attenuation can help clinicians identify the location and extent of the tumor and guide further diagnostic and treatment decisions.

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  • 30. 

    An abnormal state of the brain resulting from any disease of that organ:

    • Meningitis

    • Encephalopathy

    • Creutzfeldt Jakob's Disease

    • Reyes Syndrome

    Correct Answer
    A. Encephalopathy
    Explanation
    Encephalopathy refers to an abnormal state of the brain caused by any disease affecting the organ. It is a broad term that encompasses various conditions characterized by brain dysfunction. Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, not a disease of the brain itself. Creutzfeldt Jakob's Disease is a rare degenerative brain disorder, and Reyes Syndrome is a condition that primarily affects the liver and brain in children. Therefore, Encephalopathy is the most appropriate answer as it encompasses all diseases affecting the brain.

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  • 31. 

    Which grade is associated with rapid tumor growth?

    • I

    • II

    • III

    • IV

    Correct Answer
    A. IV
    Explanation
    Grade IV is associated with rapid tumor growth. In the grading system for tumors, grade IV indicates the highest level of malignancy. This means that the tumor cells are highly abnormal and rapidly dividing. Grade IV tumors are often aggressive and have a higher chance of spreading to other parts of the body. Therefore, grade IV tumors require immediate and aggressive treatment.

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  • 32. 

    Mixed glioma, Malignant, Butterfly it invades the opposite hemisphere via the corpus callosum: 

    • Medulloblastoma

    • Glioblastoma Multiforme

    • Astrocytomas

    • Oligodendrogliomas

    Correct Answer
    A. Glioblastoma Multiforme
    Explanation
    Glioblastoma Multiforme is the correct answer because it is a type of malignant brain tumor that can invade the opposite hemisphere via the corpus callosum. This tumor is known for its aggressive nature and ability to spread quickly. Medulloblastoma, Astrocytomas, and Oligodendrogliomas are different types of brain tumors but they do not typically invade the opposite hemisphere via the corpus callosum.

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  • 33. 

    Rapid growth, most common tumor in children, located roof of the 4th ventricle, spread down the spinal cord via the spinal fluid: 

    • Astrocytomas

    • Glioblastoma Multiforme

    • Olgiodendrogliomas

    • Medulloblastomas

    Correct Answer
    A. Medulloblastomas
    Explanation
    Medulloblastomas are the correct answer because they are rapid-growing tumors that are commonly found in children. They are typically located in the roof of the 4th ventricle of the brain and can spread down the spinal cord through the spinal fluid. Astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, and oligodendrogliomas are all types of brain tumors, but they do not specifically match the characteristics described in the question.

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  • 34. 

    Seen in deep midline lesions and infratentorial tumors: 

    • Focal polymorphic (Arrhythmic Delta)

    • Focal theta or slowing of the background activity 

    • Loss of background activity/ attenuation

    • IRDA

    Correct Answer
    A. IRDA
    Explanation
    IRDA stands for "Infratentorial Rhythmic Delta Activity." It is seen in deep midline lesions and infratentorial tumors. This abnormal brain wave pattern is characterized by rhythmic delta activity that is arrhythmic, meaning it does not follow a regular pattern. IRDA can be detected on an electroencephalogram (EEG) and is often associated with structural abnormalities in the brain.

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  • 35. 

    Which of the following is NOT associated with renal failure?

    • Myoclonus

    • Seizures

    • Tonus

    • Uremia

    Correct Answer
    A. Tonus
    Explanation
    Tonus refers to the continuous and partial contraction of muscles. It is not typically associated with renal failure. Renal failure can cause various symptoms, including myoclonus (sudden muscle jerks), seizures, and uremia (buildup of waste products in the blood). However, tonus is not directly related to renal failure and is therefore the correct answer.

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  • 36. 

    During renal failure the patient is insensitive to intermittent photic stimulation.

    • True

    • False 

    Correct Answer
    A. False 
    Explanation
    During renal failure, the patient may experience various neurological symptoms, including sensitivity to intermittent photic stimulation. This means that the patient may have abnormal reactions or responses to light stimuli. Therefore, the statement that the patient is insensitive to intermittent photic stimulation during renal failure is incorrect.

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  • 37. 

    Formed by arteries that lead directly into veins without going through the capillaries, bleeding is usually directly into the brain substance: 

    • Berry aneurysm 

    • Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) 

    • Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) 

    • Hemorrhagic Stroke 

    Correct Answer
    A. Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) 
    Explanation
    Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) is the correct answer because it is a condition where arteries and veins are directly connected without the presence of capillaries. This abnormal connection causes high pressure and weakens the blood vessels, making them prone to bleeding. As a result, bleeding occurs directly into the brain substance. AVMs are a type of vascular malformation and can lead to serious complications such as hemorrhagic stroke if left untreated.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the following is NOT a general clinical characteristic associated with Ischemic and intracerebral Hemorrhage strokes? 

    • Nausea

    • Headache

    • Focal neurological deficits

    • Dysphagia

    Correct Answer
    A. Dysphagia
    Explanation
    Dysphagia is not a general clinical characteristic associated with Ischemic and intracerebral Hemorrhage strokes. Dysphagia refers to difficulty in swallowing, which is not typically associated with these types of strokes. Instead, common clinical characteristics include nausea, headache, and focal neurological deficits.

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  • 39. 

    Coma, Double vision from eye movement paralysis, paralysis of extremities, difficulty swallowing, vocal cord paralysis and incoordination with maintained strength: 

    • Anterior cerebral artery

    • Right posterior cerebral artery

    • Left posterior artery

    • Vertebrobasilar artery 

    Correct Answer
    A. Vertebrobasilar artery 
    Explanation
    The vertebrobasilar artery is responsible for supplying blood to the brainstem and the posterior part of the brain. Damage or blockage in this artery can lead to a variety of symptoms, including coma, double vision from eye movement paralysis, paralysis of extremities, difficulty swallowing, vocal cord paralysis, and incoordination with maintained strength. These symptoms are consistent with a disruption in the blood supply to the brainstem and posterior brain regions, which are supplied by the vertebrobasilar artery. Therefore, the correct answer is the vertebrobasilar artery.

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  • 40. 

    Paralysis of one side of the body, opposite side: 

    • Internal capsule

    • Thalamus

    • Upper Midbrain

    • Pons and midbrain

    Correct Answer
    A. Internal capsule
    Explanation
    The internal capsule is a white matter structure in the brain that contains fibers responsible for transmitting motor signals from the brain to the spinal cord. Damage to the internal capsule can result in paralysis of one side of the body, opposite to the side of the brain affected. This is because the fibers in the internal capsule cross over to the opposite side of the body. Therefore, the correct answer is internal capsule.

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  • 41. 

    Inability to walk, poor coordination of ipsilateral arm and leg: 

    • Cerebrum

    • Pons

    • Midbrain

    • Cerebellum

    Correct Answer
    A. Cerebellum
    Explanation
    The cerebellum is responsible for coordinating movement, balance, and posture. It receives information from the sensory systems, the spinal cord, and other parts of the brain to fine-tune motor activity. Inability to walk and poor coordination of the ipsilateral (same side) arm and leg are common symptoms of cerebellar dysfunction. The cerebrum is responsible for higher cognitive functions, the pons is involved in relaying signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum, and the midbrain is involved in sensory and motor functions, but they are not primarily responsible for coordination of movement.

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  • 42. 

    EEG pattern: EEG changes may be seen that correlate to the cause of the headache such as a tumor or CVA:

    • Classic migraine 

    • Hemiplegia migraine

    • Headaches caused by Intracranial Pressure 

    • Headaches caused by muscular tension

    Correct Answer
    A. Headaches caused by Intracranial Pressure 
    Explanation
    EEG changes may be seen in headaches caused by Intracranial Pressure because increased pressure in the brain can affect the electrical activity of the brain, leading to abnormal EEG patterns. This can be caused by conditions such as brain tumors or cerebral vascular accidents (CVA). By monitoring the EEG, healthcare professionals can potentially identify these abnormal patterns and correlate them with the underlying cause of the headache.

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  • 43. 

    Any head injury that temporarily affects normal brain functions, most common symptom is temporary loss of consciousness, short term unconsciousness, memory loss, confusion, headache, nausea and vomiting: 

    • Contusion

    • Laceration

    • Cerebral Concussion

    • Diffuse Axonal Injury

    Correct Answer
    A. Cerebral Concussion
    Explanation
    A cerebral concussion is a type of head injury that temporarily affects normal brain functions. The most common symptom of a cerebral concussion is a temporary loss of consciousness. Other symptoms may include short-term unconsciousness, memory loss, confusion, headache, nausea, and vomiting.

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  • 44. 

    One of the most debilitating traumatic brain injuries causing permanent damage to nerves in the brain, caused by high speed transportation accidents, sometimes associated with shaken baby syndrome, may cause cerebral edema and intracranial pressure: 

    • Contusion

    • Laceration

    • Cerebral Concussion

    • Diffuse Axonal injury

    Correct Answer
    A. Diffuse Axonal injury
    Explanation
    Diffuse Axonal injury is the correct answer because it is a type of traumatic brain injury that occurs due to high-speed transportation accidents and can also be associated with shaken baby syndrome. This injury causes permanent damage to the nerves in the brain and can result in cerebral edema and increased intracranial pressure. Contusion refers to a bruise on the brain, laceration is a tear in the brain tissue, and cerebral concussion is a temporary loss of brain function. None of these options fully explain the specific characteristics of the injury described in the question.

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  • 45. 

    EEG pattern: Approximately 30- 50% have focal or generalized slowing, more abnormal during exacerbation of symptoms, focal spike and discharge waves: 

    • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

    • Tay- Sachs disease

    • Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

    • Rett's Syndrome

    Correct Answer
    A. Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is Multiple Sclerosis (MS). In MS, the EEG pattern commonly shows focal or generalized slowing, which is more pronounced during exacerbation of symptoms. Additionally, focal spike and discharge waves may also be observed. This abnormal EEG pattern is consistent with the neurological dysfunction seen in MS, where the immune system attacks the protective covering of nerve fibers, leading to disrupted electrical signaling in the brain.

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  • 46. 

    Paralysis of right face and arm, Loss of position sense, object recognition, unable to speak, inability to calculate: 

    • Right middle cerebral artery

    • Left middle cerebral artery

    • Left posterior cerebral artery

    • Vertebrobasilar artery

    Correct Answer
    A. Left middle cerebral artery
    Explanation
    The symptoms described in the question, including paralysis of the right face and arm, loss of position sense, object recognition, inability to speak, and inability to calculate, are consistent with a stroke affecting the left middle cerebral artery. The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to a large portion of the brain, including areas responsible for motor control, sensation, language, and cognition. Since the symptoms mentioned are specific to the left side of the body, it suggests that the left middle cerebral artery is affected.

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  • 47. 

    Break in the bone of the skull that is fairly straight with no bone displacement:

    • Linear skull fracture

    • Depressed skull fracture

    • Diastatic skull fracture 

    • Basilar skull fracture

    Correct Answer
    A. Linear skull fracture
    Explanation
    A linear skull fracture is a break in the bone of the skull that is fairly straight with no bone displacement. Unlike a depressed skull fracture where the bone is pushed inward or a diastatic skull fracture where the fracture occurs along the sutures of the skull, a linear skull fracture is a clean break without any shifting or displacement of the bone. It is important to identify and treat a linear skull fracture promptly to prevent any potential complications or further damage to the brain.

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  • 48. 

    Meningitis is the inflammation of the brain itself. 

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Meningitis is not the inflammation of the brain itself, but rather the inflammation of the meninges, which are the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. The inflammation can be caused by bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, and it can lead to serious symptoms such as headache, fever, and neck stiffness. Therefore, the given statement is false.

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  • 49. 

    This condition is associated with a headache, fever, stiff neck and rapid lethargy. 

    • Viral Meningitis 

    • Bacterial Meningitis

    • Tuberculosis Meningitis 

    • Herpes

    Correct Answer
    A. Bacterial Meningitis
    Explanation
    Bacterial meningitis is the correct answer because it is a condition that is characterized by symptoms such as headache, fever, stiff neck, and rapid lethargy. This type of meningitis is caused by bacteria and can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Viral meningitis, tuberculosis meningitis, and herpes can also cause similar symptoms, but bacterial meningitis is specifically associated with these symptoms.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Mar 22, 2023 +

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  • Mar 22, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
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