Clinical Neurodiagnostic Science Test

Toxic encephalopathy is the most likely condition based on the description of the EEG findings. Slowing of alpha waves, increased theta and delta waves, and the presence of spindle coma are consistent with toxic encephalopathy. This condition is characterized by dysfunction of the brain due to exposure to toxic substances or drugs. Anoxic encephalopathy refers to brain damage caused by lack of oxygen, which is not supported by the given EEG findings. Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with liver dysfunction, and renal failure refers to kidney dysfunction, neither of which are specifically indicated by the EEG findings.

Stage III of Hepatic Encephalopathy consists of EEG characteristics including high voltage bilaterally symmetrical triphasic waves.

Tumors that cause EEG abnormalities can vary in size, depth, and location. However, the circumference of a tumor is not a characteristic that directly affects EEG abnormalities. The circumference refers to the measurement around the outer edge of a tumor, which does not have a direct impact on the electrical activity in the brain that is measured by an EEG. Therefore, the correct answer is circumference.

The correct answer is "Headaches caused by Intracranial Pressure". This is because the question states that a large number of neurological diseases can cause increased intracranial pressure, leading to symptoms such as headaches that are more severe in the morning, nausea, and vomiting. This suggests that the headaches are directly related to the increased pressure within the skull.

Headaches caused by muscular tension are the most common in neurological practice. These headaches are characterized by continuous muscular contraction in areas of the head and neck, resulting in a band-like pain. They are often related to anxiety and can be referred to as tension headaches. This explanation fits with the given information and accurately describes the correct answer.

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by rapid progression with severe brain damage and mental deterioration during the early stages, as well as degeneration of cortical neurons. This neurodegenerative disorder primarily affects memory and cognitive function, leading to a decline in thinking, behavior, and social skills. It is the most common cause of dementia and is associated with the accumulation of abnormal protein deposits in the brain.

Patients with hypertension are prone to developing lacunar infarcts. Lacunar infarcts are small, localized areas of tissue damage in the brain that result from the occlusion of a small penetrating artery. Hypertension can cause thickening and narrowing of the arterioles, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of clot formation in these small vessels. This can result in the formation of lacunar infarcts, which can cause symptoms such as weakness, sensory loss, and difficulty with coordination. Therefore, lacunar infarcts are a common complication of hypertension.

Closed head injury refers to a type of traumatic brain injury where the skull has not been penetrated. In this type of injury, the brain shakes up inside the skull, which can lead to tearing of blood vessels and various complications such as concussion, brain contusion, diffuse axonal injury, and hematoma. This is different from an open head injury where the skull is penetrated, such as in the case of a gunshot or a skull fracture. Contusion and laceration are specific types of injuries that can occur within a closed head injury.

A depressed skull fracture occurs when a severe blow to the head causes the skull to break, and the broken fragments are pushed inward, towards the brain. This can lead to the compression or penetration of brain tissue, resulting in severe brain damage.

Diastatic skull fractures are seen in newborns and older infants when the skull's suture lines are widened. This occurs when the bones of the skull separate along the sutures, causing a fracture. Linear skull fractures occur as a straight break in the skull bone, while depressed skull fractures result in a portion of the skull being pushed inward. Basilar skull fractures involve a fracture at the base of the skull. However, in this case, the correct answer is diastatic skull fracture, which specifically refers to the widening of the suture lines.

A non-blast TBI refers to a traumatic brain injury that occurs without the presence of an explosion or blast. This type of injury can be caused by a variety of factors, such as the brain hitting the inside of the skull or the head striking or being struck by something. The force from these events sends shock waves through the skull and brain, resulting in tissue damage. Non-blast TBIs can range in severity from mild to moderate-severe, depending on the extent of the tissue damage and the associated symptoms.

Diplegic refers to a condition characterized by spastic paresis or paralysis primarily affecting the lower extremities. This means that the individual experiences muscle stiffness or weakness in both legs, while the upper extremities are relatively unaffected. The term "diplegic" is derived from "di-" meaning two, indicating the involvement of two limbs, and "plegic" referring to paralysis or weakness.

The correct answer is ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke occurs when there is a reduction or blockage of blood flow to the brain due to the occlusion of a blood vessel. This can be caused by a blood clot or atherosclerosis. Without sufficient blood supply, the brain cells do not receive enough oxygen and nutrients, leading to their damage or death. Ischemic strokes are the most common type of stroke, accounting for about 87% of all strokes.

Focal polymorphic (Arrhythmic Delta) is the correct answer because it refers to a specific type of brain wave pattern that is often seen in cerebral tumors. This pattern is characterized by irregular and disorganized delta waves, which are slow brain waves typically associated with deep brain structures. Therefore, the presence of focal polymorphic (Arrhythmic Delta) waves on an EEG is a primary indicator of cerebral tumors, suggesting the presence of deeper lesions in the brain.

The correct answer is the trigeminal nerve. Herpes simplex encephalitis is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and it typically enters the central nervous system (CNS) through the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve is responsible for transmitting sensory information from the face to the brain. HSV can infect the trigeminal ganglion, which is located near the base of the skull, and then travel along the nerve fibers to reach the CNS. This route of entry explains why symptoms of herpes simplex encephalitis often involve the face, such as cold sores or lesions around the mouth or eyes.

Common migraine is the correct answer because it is a type of migraine that presents without an associated aura. It is more common in females and is characterized by symptoms such as nausea and vomiting. The term "common" is used to distinguish it from "classic" migraine, which is characterized by an aura before the onset of headache. Hemiplegic migraine and basilar migraine are different subtypes of migraine with distinct symptoms and characteristics.

Pick's disease is a rare neurodegenerative disorder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. It is characterized by the presence of abnormal protein deposits in the affected areas. The mild abnormalities observed in the EEG pattern, such as low to medium amplitude slowing over the anterior hemisphere area, are consistent with the brain dysfunction seen in Pick's disease. This EEG finding is not typically associated with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, or Huntington's chorea disease.

The EEG pattern of generalized slowing of the background suggests a decrease in brain activity, which can be caused by hypoxia (lack of oxygen). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects the motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness and eventually paralysis. Hypoxia can occur in ALS due to respiratory muscle weakness, leading to decreased oxygen supply to the brain. Therefore, ALS is the most likely explanation for the observed EEG pattern.

Tay-Sachs disease is a correct answer because it is an autosomally recessive, inherited lipid storage disease. It is characterized by excessive lipid storage, which can cause an enlarged head. Prenatal diagnosis can be done by testing amniotic fluid. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Rett's Syndrome are not associated with lipid storage diseases or prenatal diagnosis using amniotic fluid.

The given EEG pattern describes a progression into generalized delta activity with superimposed focal and generalized spike activity, along with lower voltage slow waves and less evident sharp waves. This pattern is not typically seen in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), or Rett's Syndrome. However, it is commonly observed in Tay-Sachs disease, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the accumulation of harmful substances in the brain and nervous system. This abnormal EEG pattern may indicate the neurodegenerative changes associated with Tay-Sachs disease.

Rett's Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder primarily affecting females. The characteristic EEG pattern of low voltage when awake and central spikes when asleep is associated with Rett's Syndrome. This pattern reflects abnormal brain activity during both wakefulness and sleep. Rett's Syndrome is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene and is characterized by developmental regression, loss of purposeful hand skills, and the development of repetitive hand movements.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a congenital disorder characterized by the presence of a port-wine stain on the face, along with brain or eye abnormalities. It is also associated with vascular malformation. Additionally, patients with Sturge-Weber syndrome may experience progressive partial epilepsy, which affects a significant percentage of individuals by the age of 3. Therefore, Sturge-Weber syndrome is the correct answer in this case.

Anoxic encephalopathy refers to brain damage caused by a lack of oxygen supply to the brain. Cardiac arrest, which is the sudden cessation of the heart's pumping function, can lead to a lack of blood flow and oxygen to the brain. This lack of oxygen can result in anoxic encephalopathy. Respiratory arrest, hypocalcemia, and hypoglycemia can also lead to decreased oxygen supply to the brain, but cardiac arrest is the most common cause of anoxic encephalopathy.

In herpes simplex encephalitis, the EEG pattern does not typically present a major slow wave abnormality over the occipital lobe. This statement suggests that there is a significant slow wave abnormality in this specific region, which is not accurate.

Oligodendrogliomas are a type of brain tumor that commonly occur in middle-aged adults. They are characterized by a slow to rapid growth rate and are most frequently found in the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Medulloblastomas, ependymomas, and glioblastoma multiforme are different types of brain tumors that do not match the given description.

A pituitary tumor can disrupt vision because it can press against the optic nerves or optic chiasm, leading to visual problems. Additionally, the pituitary gland is responsible for producing and regulating hormones, so a tumor in this gland can disrupt hormonal function by either overproducing or underproducing certain hormones.

An Uncal Herniation occurs when the innermost part of the temporal lobe, known as the uncus, shifts and pushes against the brainstem. This can cause compression of important structures in the brain, such as the cranial nerves and the midbrain. However, it does not specifically result in the compression of the cardiac and respiratory centers of the medulla. Therefore, the statement is false.

Brain tumors are more common in the infra tentorial region in children. The infra tentorial region refers to the area below the tentorium cerebelli, which is a fold of the dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. This region includes the cerebellum, which is responsible for coordinating movement and balance. Brain tumors in children often occur in the posterior fossa, which is located in the infra tentorial region and contains the cerebellum.

Focal theta or slowing of the background activity is seen in the early development and in slow-growing tumors. This indicates that there is abnormal electrical activity in a specific area of the brain, resulting in a decrease in the normal background brain waves. This finding can be suggestive of a localized brain abnormality or pathology, such as a tumor, which may not be rapidly progressing.

The correct answer is Right middle cerebral artery. The symptoms described, including paralysis of the left face and arm, babinski response on the left, and inability to draw patterns (apraxia), suggest a lesion in the right hemisphere. The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the lateral aspects of the brain, including the motor and sensory areas responsible for controlling the face and arm. Therefore, a lesion in the right middle cerebral artery would explain the observed symptoms.

The correct answer is Pons and midbrain. Damage to the reticular formation in the pons and midbrain can result in coma, while damage to the eye movement control centers in these regions can cause double vision. The internal capsule is not directly involved in these symptoms, and the thalamus and upper midbrain are not specifically mentioned in relation to the given symptoms.

Dravet syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by seizures that begin in infancy. The given EEG pattern of low amplitude occipital polyspikes in the first year of life and progressive background slowing is consistent with Dravet syndrome. This syndrome is caused by a mutation in the SCN1A gene, which affects the function of sodium channels in the brain. The seizures in Dravet syndrome are often difficult to control and can lead to developmental delays and cognitive impairment.

Unilateral rigidity is not associated with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD is a rare degenerative neurological disorder that causes rapid mental deterioration, leading to dementia. Symptoms include weakness of the limbs, progressive dementia, and eventually death. However, unilateral rigidity, which refers to stiffness or rigidity in only one side of the body, is not typically seen in CJD.

The right posterior cerebral artery is responsible for supplying blood to the occipital lobe of the brain, which is involved in visual processing. If there is an issue with the blood supply to this area, it can result in an inability to see things that are left out of either eye. Therefore, the right posterior cerebral artery is the correct answer in this case.

The given EEG pattern of "Minimally abnormal (excessive generalized theta), Severely abnormal (focal slow activity or generalized slow wave activity), Amplitude asymmetries" is commonly seen in cases of Head Trauma. Head trauma refers to any injury to the head that may result in damage to the brain. This can lead to abnormal electrical activity in the brain, as indicated by the EEG pattern described. The other options listed (Diffuse Axonal Injury, Contusion, Laceration) can also be associated with head trauma, but the given EEG pattern specifically points towards Head Trauma as the correct answer.

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury involves alteration of consciousness and disturbance of vision and equilibrium. This type of injury typically occurs due to a blow or jolt to the head, causing temporary dysfunction of brain cells. It is considered mild because the symptoms are usually short-lived and do not cause significant long-term damage. Symptoms may include dizziness, blurred vision, difficulty balancing, and confusion.

Rasmussen's Encephalitis is a rare neurological disorder that typically affects only one hemisphere of the brain, causing inflammation and progressive deterioration of neurological and intellectual functions. Therefore, the statement that it affects both hemispheres is incorrect.

Acoustic neuromas are tumors that develop on the vestibulocochlear nerve, which connects the ear to the brain. These tumors typically arise from the Schwann cells that cover the nerve. The pons and cerebellum are located in the brainstem, and they play crucial roles in coordinating movement, balance, and posture. When an acoustic neuroma grows, it can compress the pons and cerebellum, leading to symptoms such as hearing loss, dizziness, and problems with coordination. Therefore, the correct answer is Pons and cerebellum.

Increased intracranial pressure can cause edema of the optic disc. The optic disc is the area where the optic nerve enters the eye, and it is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. When intracranial pressure increases, it can compress the optic nerve, leading to reduced blood flow and fluid accumulation in the optic disc. This can result in swelling and edema of the optic disc, which can cause vision problems and potentially lead to vision loss if left untreated.

Symmetric/Bilateral EEG patterns are not associated with stroke. EEG patterns associated with stroke typically include polymorphic delta waves, slowing or attenuation of normal/background activity, and asymmetric/unilateral patterns. Symmetric/bilateral patterns suggest normal brain activity and do not indicate stroke.

High voltage periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDS) are abnormal electrical patterns seen in the brain, typically associated with acute, massive strokes. These discharges are characterized by high voltage and occur on one side of the brain. The presence of PLEDS is often accompanied by alterations in consciousness, such as confusion or loss of consciousness. Therefore, the statement that high voltage PLEDS are usually seen in acute, massive strokes with alterations of consciousness is true.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the correct answer because it involves the motor system and results in the destruction of neurons that control voluntary muscle movement. This leads to weakness, predominantly in the legs and arms, as well as difficulty in swallowing and breathing. ALS is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by the presence of a vascular malformation on one side of the brain. This malformation can cause abnormal electrical activity in the brain, which can be detected by an EEG. The pattern of attenuation ipsilateral to the vascular malformation suggests a decrease in electrical activity on the same side as the malformation. Additionally, the presence of asymmetrical alpha waves and focal abnormalities further support the diagnosis of Sturge-Weber syndrome.

Hepatic encephalopathy is a condition that affects the brain due to liver dysfunction. It is characterized by various neurological symptoms, including myoclonus and Babinski's sign. Myoclonus refers to sudden, brief muscle twitches or jerks, which can be seen in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Babinski's sign is an abnormal reflex in which the big toe extends upward and the other toes fan out when the sole of the foot is stimulated. Both myoclonus and Babinski's sign are commonly observed in individuals with hepatic encephalopathy.

Reyes syndrome is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and teenagers. It is typically associated with the use of aspirin to treat viral infections such as influenza or chickenpox. One of the clinical characteristics of Reyes syndrome is abnormal fat accumulation in the liver and other organs. The EEG pattern associated with Reyes syndrome is burst suppression, which is characterized by alternating periods of high-amplitude electrical activity and periods of electrical silence. This abnormal EEG pattern is often seen in patients with severe brain dysfunction.

An idiopathic tumor refers to a tumor with an unknown cause or origin. In this case, the tumor is characterized by etiology from a physical agent and hereditary factors, which means the cause is not clearly understood or identified. Therefore, the correct answer is "Idiopathic."

Primary brain tumors in children are typically found in the pons and cerebellum. The pons is located in the brainstem, which connects the cerebrum (or cerebral hemispheres) to the spinal cord. The cerebellum, on the other hand, is located at the back of the brain, beneath the cerebrum. These anatomical locations are commonly associated with brain tumors in children, although tumors can occur in other areas of the brain as well.

Liver cancer is not a cancer that typically spreads to the brain. Liver cancer primarily affects the liver and can spread to other organs such as the lungs or bones, but it does not commonly spread to the brain. Breast cancer, melanoma, and kidney cancer are known to have a higher likelihood of spreading to the brain.

Brain tumors are commonly found in the supra tentorial region in adults. This refers to the area of the brain located above the tentorium cerebelli, a membrane that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. Supra tentorial tumors can occur in various parts of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. These tumors are more prevalent in adults compared to children.

The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information from the body to the cerebral cortex. When there is a loss of sensation over half of the body, opposite side, it suggests a lesion in the thalamus. Lesions in the thalamus can result in sensory deficits such as numbness or loss of sensation on the contralateral side of the body. Therefore, the thalamus is the most likely explanation for the given symptoms.

The upper midbrain is responsible for controlling eye movements. When the eyes deviate down, it indicates a dysfunction in this region. The internal capsule is not directly involved in eye movements, and the thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory information rather than controlling eye movements. The pons and midbrain are lower regions and are not associated with eye deviation downwards. Therefore, the upper midbrain is the most likely explanation for the given symptom.

Classic migraine is the correct answer because it is characterized by a frequently normal EEG pattern during an episode, but it can also present with unilateral high voltage polymorphic slow waves. This suggests that there may be abnormal brain activity during a migraine episode, which can manifest as slow waves on an EEG.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with movement. One of the common symptoms of Parkinson's disease is a rhythmic artifact due to tremor. This means that the tremors can cause an irregular pattern or artifact in any measurements or recordings. Additionally, if there is dementia present in Parkinson's disease, there may be a slowing of cognitive functions. Therefore, Parkinson's disease is the correct answer based on the given information.

Pick's disease is a type of frontotemporal dementia that typically occurs between the ages of 40 and 65. It is characterized by atrophy (shrinkage) of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to progressive dementia. Unlike Alzheimer's disease, which primarily affects memory, Pick's disease often presents with changes in personality, behavior, and language. Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea disease are neurodegenerative disorders that involve different regions of the brain and have distinct clinical features, making them incorrect choices for this question.

The correct answer is Tourette's disorder. Tourette's disorder is a neurological condition characterized by repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalizations called tics. EEG patterns in individuals with Tourette's disorder may show bilateral or unilateral paroxysmal sharp activity, generalized or focal slowing, and muscle and movement artifact. Rett's syndrome is a genetic disorder that primarily affects females and is characterized by developmental regression and loss of purposeful hand skills. Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by a facial birthmark and neurological abnormalities. Dravet syndrome is a severe form of epilepsy that begins in infancy and is characterized by prolonged seizures.

Approximately 80% of berry aneurysms occur in the Circle of Willis. This means that a majority of these types of aneurysms, which are small, balloon-like bulges in the blood vessels, are found in the Circle of Willis. The Circle of Willis is a circular arrangement of blood vessels at the base of the brain that supplies blood to the brain and its surrounding structures. This high percentage suggests that the Circle of Willis is particularly vulnerable to the development of berry aneurysms.

The correct answer is the anterior cerebral artery. The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the medial aspect of the cerebral hemisphere, including the leg and foot areas of the motor and sensory cortex. Therefore, if there is a blockage or damage to this artery, it can lead to paralysis and sensory loss in the contralateral leg and foot.

not-available-via-ai

Hemiplegic refers to a condition where there is paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, usually due to damage or injury to the brain. The question suggests that the condition is most commonly caused by peri/post-natal causes, massive cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), hemorrhages, and affects mostly the upper extremities. This aligns with the definition of hemiplegic, making it the correct answer.

Astrocytomas are the most common primary brain tumors, graded from I-IV. They originate from astrocytes, a type of glial cell in the brain. Grade I astrocytomas are low-grade tumors, while Grade IV astrocytomas, also known as glioblastoma multiforme, are the most aggressive and malignant. Medulloblastomas and oligodendrogliomas are also primary brain tumors, but they are less common compared to astrocytomas.

Cluster headaches are associated with an excess of histamine in the bloodstream, which can cause an increase in serotonin and histamine levels. This condition is more common in men. Basilar migraines, headaches caused by intracranial pressure, and headaches caused by muscular tension do not specifically involve an increase in serotonin and histamine levels. Therefore, the correct answer is cluster headache.

Alcohol can evoke cluster headaches by causing histamine release.

Metabolic encephalopathy refers to a condition where there is dysfunction in the brain due to metabolic abnormalities. Vitamin B6 deficiency can cause metabolic encephalopathy as it is essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters and myelin formation. Hypoglycemia, on the other hand, can also lead to metabolic encephalopathy as the brain relies heavily on glucose for energy. Inadequate glucose levels can impair brain function and cause neurological symptoms.

The primary intracranial sites other than the brain are the meninges and the pituitary gland. The meninges are the protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The pituitary gland, also known as the "master gland," is located at the base of the brain and is responsible for producing and regulating hormones. The arachnoid villi are not primary intracranial sites, but rather structures within the meninges that help regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. The 9th cranial nerve is not an intracranial site, but rather a peripheral nerve that originates in the brainstem and innervates certain structures in the head and neck.

Classic migraine is the correct answer because the given symptoms are characteristic of this type of migraine. Classic migraines are typically preceded by an aura, which can manifest as visual disturbances such as blurred vision or homonymous hemianopsia (loss of vision on one side). The aura serves as a warning sign that a migraine attack is about to occur. Therefore, the description provided aligns with the clinical presentation of classic migraine.

Hemiplegic migraine is characterized by temporary paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, often accompanied by severe headache. The EEG pattern of delta and theta waves over the affected hemisphere suggests abnormal brain activity, which is consistent with the neurological symptoms experienced in hemiplegic migraine. This EEG pattern is not typically seen in classic migraines, headaches caused by intracranial pressure, or headaches caused by muscular tension.

Rett's Syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder that primarily affects females. It is characterized by rapid mental deterioration, loss of purposeful hand skills, microencephaly (small head size), autism-like behaviors, and dementia. This disorder is caused by mutations in the MECP2 gene, which is responsible for producing a protein that regulates the activity of other genes. These mutations lead to the loss of normal function of the MECP2 protein, resulting in the symptoms observed in Rett's Syndrome.

Diffuse slow activity and triphasic waves are EEG patterns associated with AIDS. Diffuse slow activity refers to a generalized slowing of brain activity, which can be seen in patients with AIDS-related encephalopathy. Triphasic waves are a characteristic finding in the EEG of patients with hepatic encephalopathy, which can occur in advanced stages of AIDS due to liver dysfunction. Increased Beta activity is not typically associated with AIDS, and disorganization of background rhythms does not specifically correlate with the disease.

Focal spike activity is a type of abnormal electrical activity in the brain that can be detected using electroencephalography (EEG) in patients with hemispheric tumors. This activity is characterized by sharp and brief bursts of electrical discharges. The given answer of 30% suggests that this type of abnormal activity is observed in approximately 30% of patients with hemispheric tumors.

not-available-via-ai

The extent of injury for a laceration depends on the amount of damage to blood vessels. When blood vessels are damaged, there is a risk of significant bleeding, which can lead to complications and a more severe injury. The amount of damage to blood vessels will determine the severity of the laceration and the potential for complications such as infection or impaired healing.

The given EEG pattern indicates diminished alpha rhythm, diffuse slow-to-medium amplitude, irregular theta waves, and eventual intrusion of delta waves with some sharp waves. These findings are consistent with the characteristic EEG abnormalities seen in Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's disease, there is a progressive loss of brain cells leading to cognitive decline and memory loss. The EEG abnormalities seen in this disease reflect the underlying neurodegenerative changes in the brain. Parkinson's disease, Pick's disease, and Huntington's chorea disease do not typically exhibit the same EEG pattern as described.

Extradural hematoma is the correct answer because it is typically caused by a tear in the middle meningeal artery, leading to bleeding between the skull and the dura mater. This type of head injury often occurs as a result of a skull fracture, causing blood to accumulate rapidly and creating pressure on the brain. Symptoms can include a loss of consciousness followed by a lucid interval, and then a rapid deterioration in neurological function. Prompt medical intervention, such as surgical evacuation of the hematoma, is necessary to prevent further brain damage or death.