Applied Anatomy And Physiology Practice Test Questions

The ball and socket joint type allows for a large movement potential in all directions, including rotation. This is because the rounded end of one bone fits into the cup-like socket of another bone, allowing for a wide range of movement. This joint is found in the shoulder and hip, and it enables movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.

Testosterone is the hormone responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics. It is produced primarily in the testes and is responsible for the growth of facial and body hair, deepening of the voice, and development of the male reproductive system. Oestrogen and progesterone are female sex hormones, while relaxin is a hormone primarily associated with pregnancy and childbirth. Therefore, testosterone is the correct answer for this question.

Neurons are specialized cells that are best suited for transmitting information rapidly. They have long, branched extensions called dendrites that receive signals from other neurons, and a long, thin projection called an axon that transmits signals to other neurons. Neurons are capable of generating and transmitting electrical impulses, known as action potentials, which allow for rapid communication and coordination within the nervous system. This makes neurons the ideal cell type for transmitting information quickly.

Abdominal obesity can affect movement potential by putting extra stress on the joints. The excess weight in the abdominal area can increase the load on the joints, particularly in the lower body, which can lead to more impact and strain on the joints during movement. This can potentially result in joint pain, discomfort, and increased risk of joint-related injuries. Therefore, abdominal obesity can have a negative impact on movement potential by increasing the impact on joints.

The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. The endocrine system achieves this by producing and releasing hormones that regulate various bodily functions such as metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and response to stress. These hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target organs and tissues, where they help maintain balance and ensure optimal functioning of the body.

The adrenal gland is located above the kidney. It is a small, triangular-shaped gland that sits on top of each kidney. The adrenal glands are responsible for producing hormones that regulate various bodily functions, including metabolism, blood pressure, and stress response.

Holding a plank, side plank, and bridging exercises for longer than 5 seconds can lead to an increase in blood pressure. This is because these exercises require the muscles to contract and exert force, which increases the demand for oxygen and nutrients. To meet this demand, the heart pumps harder, causing a temporary rise in blood pressure. This is known as acute high blood pressure. However, it is important to note that this increase in blood pressure is temporary and typically returns to normal once the exercises are completed.

Potassium works with sodium to generate an action potential. Action potentials are the electrical signals that allow communication between cells, particularly in neurons. Sodium and potassium ions play a crucial role in this process. During an action potential, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell and depolarize it. Once the cell reaches a certain threshold, potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to exit the cell and repolarize it. This movement of sodium and potassium ions creates the electrical signal of an action potential. Therefore, potassium is the mineral that works with sodium to generate an action potential.

Glucagon is the correct answer because it is a hormone that is produced by the pancreas. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose into the bloodstream. This helps to increase blood sugar levels when they are too low, such as during fasting or intense exercise.

The valves that prevent backflow of blood between the heart chambers are called atrioventricular valves. These valves, including the mitral valve and tricuspid valve, separate the atria from the ventricles and ensure that blood flows in only one direction, from the atria to the ventricles.

Mitochondria play a crucial role in energy production in type 1 muscle fibers. They are responsible for generating ATP, which is the primary source of energy for muscle contractions. Type 1 muscle fibers are known for their endurance and sustained activity, and mitochondria provide the necessary energy to support these functions. Therefore, energy production is the main function of mitochondria in type 1 muscle fibers.

Lactic acid is the correct answer because it is a metabolic by-product that accumulates in the muscles during intense exercise when the oxygen supply is insufficient. This build-up of lactic acid leads to a decrease in muscle pH, causing fatigue and a burning sensation in the muscles.

The tibialis anterior muscle is responsible for dorsiflexion of the ankle. Dorsiflexion refers to the movement of pulling the toes towards the shin, which is necessary for activities such as walking and running. The tibialis anterior muscle is located in the front of the lower leg and contracts to lift the foot and toes upwards. This action allows for better control of foot placement and helps to prevent tripping or stumbling while walking.

Lumbar hyperlordosis refers to an excessive inward curve of the lower back. This condition can increase the risk of low back pain. The exaggerated curve puts additional stress on the lumbar spine, leading to strain and discomfort in the lower back area. Therefore, individuals with lumbar hyperlordosis are more prone to experiencing low back pain.

The coronary veins take blood away from the heart.

The duration of exercise is a factor in determining which energy systems and substrates are used during exercise. Different energy systems are utilized depending on the duration of the activity. For short-duration, high-intensity exercises, such as sprinting, the body primarily relies on the anaerobic system, utilizing stored ATP and creatine phosphate. As the exercise duration increases, the body starts to rely more on the aerobic system, utilizing carbohydrates and fats as fuel. Therefore, the duration of exercise plays a significant role in determining the energy systems and substrates used.

The articulation between the sternum and the ribs is a cartilaginous joint. Cartilaginous joints are connected by cartilage and allow limited movement. In this case, the sternum and ribs are connected by cartilage called costal cartilage. This type of joint provides some flexibility and allows for slight movement during activities like breathing.

Myosin is the correct answer because in the sliding filament theory, myosin is the thick protein filament that interacts with actin, the thin protein filament, to generate muscle contraction. Myosin has a unique structure that allows it to bind to actin and undergo a conformational change, resulting in the sliding of the filaments and muscle contraction. Sarcomere refers to the basic unit of a muscle fiber, while cross bridges are the connections formed between myosin and actin during muscle contraction.

The tricuspid valve is the valve that separates the right atrium and right ventricle. It is named tricuspid because it consists of three flaps or cusps. When the right atrium contracts, the tricuspid valve opens, allowing blood to flow into the right ventricle. When the right ventricle contracts, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow of blood into the right atrium. This ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the right atrium to the right ventricle, and then to the lungs for oxygenation.

Noradrenaline is the correct answer because it is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys and are responsible for producing and releasing various hormones, including noradrenaline. Noradrenaline, also known as norepinephrine, is involved in the body's response to stress and plays a role in regulating blood pressure and heart rate.

The neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal of a neuron. The axon terminal is the end of the axon, which is responsible for transmitting electrical signals to other neurons or cells. When an electrical signal reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synapse, the small gap between neurons. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the receiving neuron, allowing for the transmission of the signal from one neuron to another.

Calcium is essential in the process of muscle contraction because it plays a crucial role in initiating and regulating the contraction process. When a muscle is stimulated, calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the muscle fibers. These calcium ions bind to the protein troponin, causing a conformational change that allows the myosin heads to bind to actin. This interaction between myosin and actin leads to the sliding of the filaments, resulting in muscle contraction. Therefore, calcium is necessary for the proper functioning of the sliding filament theory and muscle contraction.

Proprioceptors are sensory receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints that detect changes in muscle tension or length. They provide information to the brain about the position and movement of body parts, allowing for coordination and control of movement. Neurons, axons, and baroreceptors are not specifically responsible for detecting changes in muscle tension or length, making proprioceptor the correct answer.

The central nervous system is responsible for integration. It consists of the brain and spinal cord, which receive and process information from the sensory organs and coordinate a response. Integration refers to the process of combining and interpreting sensory information to generate a response. The central nervous system plays a crucial role in this process by receiving, analyzing, and integrating sensory input to produce appropriate motor responses.

Increased neuromuscular efficiency refers to the ability of the nervous system and muscles to work together more effectively. This can result in quicker and more efficient movement. A shorter reaction time is a direct response to increased neuromuscular efficiency as it indicates that the individual is able to process and respond to stimuli faster. This suggests that the nervous system is functioning optimally and there is improved coordination between the nerves and muscles.

During long, slow endurance training, the body requires a sustained source of energy. Fats and glucose are the preferred fuels in this scenario. Fats provide a slow and steady release of energy, making them ideal for long-duration activities. Glucose, on the other hand, is readily available and can be quickly metabolized to provide immediate energy when needed. By utilizing both fats and glucose, the body can maintain a steady energy supply throughout the endurance training session.

Skeletal muscle consists of approximately 23% protein. This means that protein makes up about a quarter of the total composition of skeletal muscle. Protein is essential for muscle growth, repair, and maintenance, as it provides the building blocks for muscle tissue. Therefore, a significant percentage of protein is present in skeletal muscle to support its structure and function.

Muscle spindles are sensory receptors located within muscles that detect changes in muscle length. When a muscle is stretched, the muscle spindle is activated and sends signals to the central nervous system, providing information about the muscle's length and rate of change. This information is essential for maintaining muscle tone, coordinating muscle contractions, and regulating body movements. Golgi tendon organs, on the other hand, detect changes in muscle tension, not length. Motor neurons and motor units are involved in transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the muscles, but they do not directly detect changes in muscle length.

Information is communicated across a synapse chemically. When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing a change in its electrical potential and transmitting the information. This chemical transmission allows for more precise control and modulation of signals compared to electrical transmission alone.

During aerobic energy production, the body uses oxygen to break down glucose and produce ATP, which is the main source of energy for cells. As a result of this process, water is produced as a by-product. Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration, but it is not a by-product. Glycogen and creatine are not directly involved in aerobic energy production.

The central nervous system is responsible for determining the number of motor neurons recruited. Motor neurons are nerve cells that transmit signals from the central nervous system to muscles, causing them to contract. The central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, controls and coordinates the body's movements by sending signals to the appropriate motor neurons. Therefore, the central nervous system plays a crucial role in determining the number of motor neurons recruited for a particular movement or action.

Type 2b fibres have a large diameter compared to the other options. Type 1 fibres are known for their smaller diameter and slower contraction speed, while red fibres and slow twitch fibres are synonymous with Type 1 fibres. Therefore, Type 2b is the correct answer for the fibre type with a large diameter.

The posterior longitudinal ligament helps to passively control spinal motion. It is a strong ligament that runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral bodies within the spinal column. It helps to limit excessive movement and provides stability to the spine.

Static flexibility refers to the ability to stretch and hold a position without movement. After the cool-down exercises, the body is already warm and the muscles are more flexible. This makes it an ideal time to perform static stretches as it helps to increase the range of motion and improve flexibility. Additionally, static stretching after the cool-down exercises can help to reduce muscle soreness and prevent injury.

A blood pressure reading of 180/110 is considered very high and is indicative of severe hypertension. This level of blood pressure poses a significant risk during exercise, even under medical supervision. Exercise can further increase blood pressure, potentially leading to complications such as heart attack or stroke. Therefore, it is contraindicated to engage in physical activity with such high blood pressure levels.

Isometric contractions involve the contraction of muscles without any movement in the joints. During these contractions, the muscles generate force but do not change in length. This leads to an increase in blood pressure because the muscles are contracting against a resistance, causing the blood vessels to constrict and resulting in increased resistance to blood flow. As a result, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly increase during isometric contractions.

The serratus anterior muscle attaches the medial border of the scapula to the upper ribs. This attachment allows the muscle to stabilize and move the scapula, aiding in various movements of the shoulder and arm.

Adduction is the joint action of the hip that occurs in the frontal plane. This movement involves bringing the leg or thigh towards the midline of the body. It is the opposite of abduction, which is the movement of the leg or thigh away from the midline. In the frontal plane, the body is divided into front and back halves, and adduction occurs in this plane by bringing the leg or thigh towards the front midline of the body.

Horizontal flexion is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of the shoulder joint in which the arm moves forward in the horizontal plane, towards the midline of the body. This movement occurs around the longitudinal axis, which runs through the center of the body from top to bottom. Lateral flexion, extension, and abduction do not occur in the longitudinal axis, making them incorrect choices.

The biceps femoris is a muscle in the back of the thigh. It has two heads, one of which attaches to the ischial tuberosity of the pelvis, and the other head attaches to the back of the fibula bone in the lower leg. Therefore, the correct answer is "Fibula."