Pharmacology Quiz Questions And Answers

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1. PO, SQ, IV and IM are examples of routes of administration.

Explanation

PO, SQ, IV, and IM are indeed examples of routes of administration. PO stands for oral administration, which involves taking medication by mouth. SQ stands for subcutaneous administration, which involves injecting medication into the fatty tissue just under the skin. IV stands for intravenous administration, which involves injecting medication directly into a vein. IM stands for intramuscular administration, which involves injecting medication into a muscle. These routes of administration are commonly used in healthcare settings to deliver medications to patients.

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Pharmacology Quiz Questions And Answers - Quiz

Have you been having a hard time in your pharmacology class and can’t recall most of what you have learnt so far? This is not uncommon as most people tend to forget things quite fast and they don’t stick unless one takes some refreshers on the same. Below is a... see morepharmacology questions and answers test designed to help you understand your course better.
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2. The greater the blood supply to an area, the slower the drug is absorbed.

Explanation

The faster the drug is absorbed.

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3. Most drugs that are oil-based or have suspended particles should not be given IV.

Explanation

Oil-based drugs or drugs with suspended particles should not be given intravenously because they can cause blockages in the blood vessels, leading to serious complications such as embolism or organ damage. Intravenous administration is typically reserved for drugs that are water-based and can be easily dissolved in the bloodstream. Giving oil-based or particle-containing drugs intravenously can be potentially life-threatening and should be avoided.

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4. Powdered drugs compressed into pills or disks

Explanation

The given answer "Tablet, Tablets" is the correct answer because powdered drugs are often compressed into pills or disks, which are commonly known as tablets. Tablets are a common form of medication that are easy to consume and transport. Therefore, the answer accurately describes the process of compressing powdered drugs into pills or disks.

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5. Powdered drugs enclosed within a gelatin coat.

Explanation

Capsules are a type of pharmaceutical dosage form that consists of powdered drugs enclosed within a gelatin coat. They are commonly used to administer medications orally. The gelatin coating helps to protect the drug from degradation and allows for easier swallowing. Capsules can come in different sizes and can be filled with a single drug or a combination of drugs. They are often used when the drug substance is not easily compressed into a solid tablet form or when multiple drugs need to be combined in a single dose.

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6. The main site of biotransformation is

Explanation

The liver is the main site of biotransformation. Biotransformation refers to the process by which the body metabolizes or transforms various substances, such as drugs or toxins, into different forms that can be easily eliminated from the body. The liver plays a crucial role in this process as it contains enzymes that are responsible for breaking down and modifying these substances. This allows for their elimination through urine or bile. The kidneys and heart are not primarily involved in biotransformation, and Speedo is not a relevant organ in this context.

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7. Drug suspended in liquid that tends to settle out if left standing.

Explanation

A suspension is a drug that is mixed with a liquid but tends to settle out if left standing. In a suspension, the drug particles are dispersed throughout the liquid but are not completely dissolved. This causes the drug particles to settle at the bottom of the container over time. To use a suspension, it needs to be shaken or mixed before administration to ensure an even distribution of the drug particles in the liquid.

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8. Generic drugs are not the same as the original drug.

Explanation

Generic drugs are actually the same as the original drug in terms of active ingredients, dosage, strength, route of administration, and intended use. The only difference is that generic drugs are typically cheaper because they are produced by different manufacturers after the patent for the original drug has expired. The generic version must meet the same quality and safety standards as the original drug, making it a suitable alternative for many patients. Therefore, the statement "Generic drugs are not the same as the original drug" is false.

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9. 1 gm = ______ mg

Explanation

The conversion factor between grams and milligrams is 1000. This means that 1 gram is equal to 1000 milligrams.

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10. This route of administration is not usually performed. Accidental administration by this route can be fatal.

Explanation

Intra-arterial administration refers to the delivery of a substance directly into an artery. This route is not commonly used due to its invasive nature and potential risks. Accidental administration by this route can be fatal because it bypasses the body's natural defense mechanisms and can lead to severe complications such as embolism or tissue damage. Therefore, it is important to avoid administering substances intra-arterially unless it is specifically intended and performed by trained medical professionals.

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11. The _____________ is the amount of time it takes for the amount of the drug to be reduced by one-half.

Explanation

The term "half-life" refers to the amount of time it takes for the concentration of a drug to decrease by half in the body. This is an important concept in pharmacology as it helps determine the dosing frequency and duration of a medication. Understanding the half-life of a drug can also provide insights into its elimination from the body and potential drug interactions.

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12. Generic drugs are usually much cheaper than the "name brand" drug.

Explanation

Generic drugs are typically less expensive than brand-name drugs because they are not marketed or advertised as heavily as brand-name drugs. Generic drugs are copies of brand-name drugs that have the same active ingredients, dosage, strength, and intended use. They are approved by the FDA and must meet the same quality and safety standards as brand-name drugs. The lower cost of generic drugs is due to the fact that generic manufacturers do not have to invest in research and development or the extensive marketing campaigns associated with brand-name drugs.

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13. Enteric-coated and solution drugs are not common.

Explanation

Enteric-coated and sustained release forms are not common.

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14. _____________ drugs are placed on the skin or mucous membranes.

Explanation

Topical drugs are applied directly on the skin or mucous membranes. They are designed to act locally and are absorbed into the tissues to provide relief or treatment for various conditions such as skin infections, inflammation, or pain. These drugs are available in various forms such as creams, ointments, gels, or patches, and are commonly used for dermatological conditions, wound healing, or local pain management. Applying drugs topically allows for targeted treatment and avoids potential side effects associated with systemic absorption.

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15. __________ injections deliver drugs into the dermis of the skin.

Explanation

Intradermal injections deliver drugs into the dermis of the skin. The abbreviation "ID" stands for "Intradermal," which refers to the administration of medication into the layer of skin just below the epidermis. This type of injection is commonly used for diagnostic tests, such as tuberculosis screening or allergy testing, as well as for certain vaccinations. By delivering the drug directly into the dermis, intradermal injections allow for efficient absorption and distribution of the medication throughout the body.

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16. It is the LVT's responsibility to administer and chart the medication.

Explanation

The given statement is true. The responsibility of administering and charting medication lies with the LVT (Licensed Veterinary Technician). LVTs are trained professionals who have the knowledge and skills to safely administer medications to animals and accurately record the details of the medication given in the medical charts. This ensures proper documentation and monitoring of the animal's medication history, helping to provide effective and appropriate healthcare.

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17. The dose of the drug that is lethal to 50% of patients in a trial.

Explanation

LD50 stands for "Lethal Dose 50," which refers to the dose of a drug that is lethal to 50% of patients in a trial. This measurement is commonly used in toxicology studies to determine the toxicity or lethality of a substance. LD50 provides valuable information about the potential harm or risk associated with a drug, helping researchers and regulators assess its safety profile.

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18. The patient's five rights include:

Explanation

The patient's five rights refer to the essential elements that must be ensured when administering medication. These include giving the right drug, at the right time, in the right dose, through the right route, and to the right patient. These rights are crucial to prevent medication errors and ensure patient safety.

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19. Some drugs are given at a high dose to begin with, followed by smaller amounts to replace what the body has eliminated. The initial high dose is called the __________ dose.

Explanation

In pharmacology, the term "loading dose" refers to the initial high dose of a drug that is administered to quickly achieve a therapeutic level in the body. This loading dose is often followed by smaller maintenance doses to replace the drug that has been eliminated by the body. The purpose of the loading dose is to rapidly establish the desired drug concentration in the body, especially when immediate therapeutic effects are required.

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20. An ________ drug reaction is an undesirable response to a drug and can be mild to life threatening.

Explanation

An adverse drug reaction refers to any negative or undesirable response that occurs after taking a medication. These reactions can range from mild side effects to severe and life-threatening complications. Therefore, the term "adverse" accurately describes the nature of the reaction, highlighting its undesirability and potential harm.

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21. _____________ is splitting the drug and adding a H2O molecule to the split products.

Explanation

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken down by the addition of water molecules. In the context of the given question, hydrolysis is the process of splitting a drug molecule and adding a water molecule to the resulting products. This reaction can be important in pharmacology and drug metabolism, as it can lead to the breakdown of drugs into smaller, more easily excreted compounds.

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22. The amount of drug given at one time (in units of mass g, mg).

Explanation

The term "dose" refers to the amount of a drug that is given to an individual at one time. It is typically measured in units of mass, such as grams (g) or milligrams (mg). The dose is an important factor in determining the effectiveness and safety of a medication, as it determines the concentration of the drug in the body. The correct answer is "dose".

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23. 1 tsp = ____ ml

Explanation

The given answer is correct because 1 teaspoon (tsp) is equal to 5 milliliters (ml).

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24. ________________________ are circumstances when drugs should not be used.

Explanation

Contraindications refer to specific circumstances or conditions in which the use of drugs is not recommended or should be avoided. These contraindications could be based on factors such as the patient's medical history, current health status, or potential adverse effects of the drug. It is important to identify contraindications before prescribing or administering medication to ensure patient safety and prevent any potential harm or complications.

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25. The series of events that occur after a drug has been administered including absorption and distribution are known as _______________________.

Explanation

Pharmacokinetics refers to the series of events that take place after a drug has been administered, including absorption and distribution. It involves the study of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. Understanding pharmacokinetics is important in determining the dosage and frequency of drug administration to achieve the desired therapeutic effect.

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26. The dose of the drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the patients in a trial.

Explanation

ED50 stands for Effective Dose 50, which refers to the dose of a drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the patients in a clinical trial. This means that half of the patients in the trial experienced the desired effect when given this particular dose of the drug. ED50 is commonly used in pharmacology and clinical research to determine the optimal dosage for a drug to achieve the desired therapeutic effect in a population.

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27. NEVER, NEVER, NEVER give ampicillin IV.

Explanation

Penicillin

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28. ___________________ is the body's ability to change a drug chemically from the form in which it was administered into a form that can be eliminated from the body.

Explanation

Biotransformation, also known as metabolism, refers to the body's ability to chemically change a drug from its administered form into a form that can be eliminated from the body. This process involves various enzymatic reactions that convert the drug into metabolites, which are then excreted through urine or feces. Biotransformation is an essential process in drug elimination and helps to detoxify and remove drugs from the body.

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29. TB or allergy testing uses which of the following routes:

Explanation

TB or allergy testing uses the ID (intradermal) route. This involves injecting a small amount of the test substance just under the skin. This allows for a localized reaction to occur, which can help determine if the individual is allergic to the substance or if they have been exposed to tuberculosis. Other routes such as IM (intramuscular), SQ (subcutaneous), and IP (intraperitoneal) are not typically used for TB or allergy testing.

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30. Used as a last resort if other areas are not available.

Explanation

The given sequence is a combination of two-letter codes. Each code represents a specific area or location. The correct answer, "IP," suggests that it is used as a last resort if other areas are not available. This implies that IP is likely a code for a backup or alternative location that is utilized when other options are unavailable.

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31. A drug that has been transformed is called a

Explanation

A drug that has been transformed is called a metabolite. Metabolites are the products that result from the metabolism of a drug in the body. When a drug is metabolized, it undergoes various chemical reactions that break it down into different compounds, known as metabolites. These metabolites may have different pharmacological properties compared to the original drug, and they can be further processed and eliminated from the body. Therefore, metabolites play a crucial role in drug metabolism and are important for understanding the effects and fate of drugs in the body.

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32. Drugs/metabolites do not pass directly into the milk of the mammary glands.

Explanation

Yes, they do.

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33. The unique name given to a drug by the company that develops it is known as the ___________________.

Explanation

The unique name given to a drug by the company that develops it is known as the trade name. This name is used for marketing and branding purposes and is typically registered as a trademark. It helps to distinguish the drug from other similar products in the market and is often easier to remember and recognize for healthcare professionals and consumers. The trade name is different from the generic name, which is the common name of the drug based on its chemical composition.

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34. Drugs that do not have a high toxicity and do not require a prescription are called _____________________ drugs.

Explanation

Over-the-counter drugs are medications that are safe to use without a prescription from a healthcare professional. These drugs have low toxicity levels, meaning they are not harmful when taken in recommended doses. They are readily available for purchase at pharmacies, supermarkets, and other retail stores without the need for a prescription. The terms "over-the-counter" and "over the counter" are both correct ways to refer to these types of drugs.

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35. _____________ is a gain of electrons

Explanation

Reduction is a process in which a substance gains electrons. This can occur when a molecule or ion accepts electrons from another molecule or ion. The reduction process leads to a decrease in the oxidation state of the substance and is often accompanied by a gain of negative charge. In chemical reactions, reduction is typically paired with oxidation, which involves the loss of electrons. Together, these processes are known as redox reactions. Therefore, the given correct answer, "Reduction," accurately describes the gain of electrons.

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36. In books, the generic name usually starts with an uppercase letter (Ketamine), while the trade name starts with a lowercase letter (ketaject).

Explanation

Generic is lowercase, trade name is uppercase.

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37. Solutions of drugs with water and sugar.

Explanation

The correct answer is Syrup or Syrups because the question mentions "solutions of drugs with water and sugar." Syrups are commonly used to administer medication, where drugs are dissolved in water and mixed with sugar to make them more palatable. Syrups are thick, viscous liquids that are easy to swallow and often used for children or individuals who have difficulty swallowing pills. Therefore, Syrup or Syrups is the appropriate answer.

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38. ____________ is a loss of electrons.

Explanation

Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance loses electrons. This loss of electrons results in an increase in the oxidation state of the substance. Therefore, oxidation can be described as a loss of electrons.

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39. 1 tbl = ______ ml

Explanation

The question is asking for the conversion of 1 tablespoon (tbl) to milliliters (ml). The correct answer is 15 ml, as 1 tablespoon is equal to 15 milliliters.

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40. _______________ of a drug is why the drug is being used.

Explanation

The term "indication" refers to the specific reason or purpose for which a drug is being used. It provides information about the medical condition or symptoms that the drug is intended to treat or manage. Understanding the indication of a drug is crucial for healthcare professionals to ensure appropriate and effective use of the medication. It helps guide the decision-making process when prescribing or administering drugs to patients.

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41. High potential for abuse: may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence (morphine, cocaine, pentobarbital).

Explanation

The correct answer is CII. This classification is given to drugs that have a high potential for abuse and may lead to severe physical or psychological dependence. Examples of drugs in this category include morphine, cocaine, and pentobarbital.

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42. Which of the following routes of administration have the shortest duration?

Explanation

Intravenous administration involves directly injecting a substance into the veins, allowing for rapid absorption and immediate effect. This route bypasses the digestive system, avoiding the time required for absorption and metabolism. Therefore, drugs administered intravenously have the shortest duration compared to other routes such as oral, intramuscular, or subcutaneous, which may involve slower absorption and metabolism processes.

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43. What drug is most commonly given via transdermal application?

Explanation

Fentanyl is the most commonly given drug via transdermal application. Transdermal application refers to the administration of drugs through the skin, allowing them to be absorbed into the bloodstream. Fentanyl is often administered through transdermal patches, which slowly release the medication over a period of time. This method is commonly used for managing chronic pain, as it provides a continuous and controlled delivery of the drug. Fentanyl patches are convenient and can provide long-lasting pain relief, making them a popular choice for transdermal drug delivery.

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44. Drugs that block receptors (from other drugs or hormones) are called

Explanation

Antagonists are drugs that block receptors, whether they are blocking the action of other drugs or hormones. They work by binding to the receptors and preventing the natural substances from binding and activating them. This inhibition of receptor activation can have various effects on the body, such as blocking the effects of certain hormones or other drugs. Therefore, the correct answer is Antagonists.

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45. Which of the following routes of administration usually last the longest?

Explanation

Oral administration usually lasts the longest compared to other routes of administration. This is because when a medication is taken orally, it has to go through the digestive system, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. This process can take some time, resulting in a slower onset of action and a longer duration of effect. In contrast, intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous routes of administration deliver medications directly into the bloodstream or muscle tissue, resulting in a faster onset of action but a shorter duration of effect.

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46. ______________ administration delivers drugs through the skin. The most common application is of Fentanyl.

Explanation

Transdermal administration refers to the delivery of drugs through the skin. This method allows the drug to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. Fentanyl is a commonly used drug that is administered transdermally. It is typically delivered through a patch that is applied to the skin, allowing for slow and controlled release of the medication over a period of time. This route of administration is often used for drugs that need to be delivered continuously or for long-term treatment.

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47. 1 kg = ______ g or ______ lbs. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

The conversion factor for kilograms to grams is 1000, which means that 1 kilogram is equal to 1000 grams. The conversion factor for kilograms to pounds is 2.2, which means that 1 kilogram is equal to 2.2 pounds.

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48. ______ medication is placed into the oral cavity or by a nasogastric or orogastric tube to the stomach.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Oral" because it refers to the administration of medication through the mouth, either by swallowing it or by placing it directly into the oral cavity. This route of administration allows the medication to be absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and enter the bloodstream. It is a common and convenient method of medication administration.

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49. The degree to which drugs are absorbed and reach general circulation is called ____________________.

Explanation

Bioavailability refers to the extent to which a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream and reaches the general circulation. It indicates the fraction of the administered dose that actually reaches the systemic circulation and is available to produce a pharmacological effect. Factors such as the route of administration, drug formulation, and metabolism can affect the bioavailability of a drug.

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50. Some potential for abuse: may lead to low to moderate physical dependence or high psychological dependence (thiopental, anabolic steroids).

Explanation

The correct answer is CIII because drugs in this category have a moderate to low potential for physical dependence and a high potential for psychological dependence. This means that while they may not cause severe physical withdrawal symptoms, they can still lead to addiction and psychological cravings. Examples of drugs in this category include thiopental, a sedative, and anabolic steroids, which are commonly abused for their muscle-building effects.

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51. Species, pH of drug, solubility of drug, size and shape of drug molecule, presence or absence of food in the GI tract, and degree of GI motility/disease process are all factors that determine the ____________ of a drug.

Explanation

The factors listed in the question, such as species, pH of the drug, solubility of the drug, size and shape of the drug molecule, presence or absence of food in the GI tract, and degree of GI motility/disease process, all contribute to the process of drug absorption. These factors affect how well and how quickly a drug is absorbed into the bloodstream after administration. Therefore, the correct answer is absorption.

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52. ____________ of a drug represents the degree to which the drug produces its desired response in a patient.

Explanation

Efficacy refers to the extent or degree to which a drug is able to produce the desired response or effect in a patient. It measures the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended purpose and can vary depending on factors such as dosage, administration, and individual patient characteristics. In other words, efficacy indicates how well a drug works in producing the desired therapeutic outcome.

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53. The _______________________________ is the relationship between the drug's ability to produce desired results compared to its tendency to cause toxic effects.

Explanation

The therapeutic index refers to the balance between a drug's effectiveness in producing desired results and its potential to cause harmful or toxic effects. It is a measure of the drug's safety and is calculated by dividing the dose that produces toxic effects by the dose that produces therapeutic effects. A higher therapeutic index indicates a safer drug, as it means that the therapeutic dose is significantly lower than the toxic dose.

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54. Name one method used to transform a drug.

Explanation

These are all methods used to transform a drug. Oxidation involves the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen from a molecule. Reduction involves the addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from a molecule. Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down a compound by adding water. Conjugation involves combining a drug molecule with another molecule, such as a sugar or amino acid, to make it more water-soluble and easier for the body to eliminate.

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55. FARAD is the acronym for...

Explanation

FARAD stands for Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank. This acronym refers to a resource that provides information and guidance on avoiding the presence of residues in food-producing animals. It is a database that assists veterinarians and animal producers in making informed decisions regarding the use of drugs, chemicals, and other substances in food animals to ensure the safety of animal-derived products for human consumption.

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56. The _________________________ (DEA) was established to control the abuse of dangerous drugs through prevention and enforcement.

Explanation

The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) was established to control the abuse of dangerous drugs through prevention and enforcement.

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57. This route of administration is used for general anesthesia and in cases of asthma.

Explanation

Inhalation is the route of administration used for general anesthesia and in cases of asthma. Inhalation involves the intake of substances through the respiratory system, allowing them to directly reach the lungs and be absorbed into the bloodstream. This method is effective for delivering anesthesia gases and medications to induce unconsciousness during surgery. Additionally, inhalation therapy is commonly used for asthma treatment as it allows medications to directly target the airways, providing quick relief and improving respiratory function.

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58. The ________ the therapeutic index, the safer it is.

Explanation

A higher therapeutic index indicates that the drug has a wider margin of safety. This means that the drug is less likely to cause harmful side effects or toxicity, making it safer for use. A higher therapeutic index allows for a larger difference between the effective dose and the toxic dose of a drug, providing a greater level of safety in its administration.

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59. ____________________ are trials on the specific target animal(s) of the drug.

Explanation

Clinical trials are trials conducted on specific target animals to test the effectiveness and safety of a drug. These trials involve administering the drug to the animals and closely monitoring their response and any potential side effects. The purpose of clinical trials is to gather data and evidence on the drug's efficacy and safety profile before it can be approved for use in humans or other animals.

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60. 1 L = ______ ml or ______ qt. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

One liter is equal to 1000 milliliters or 1 quart.

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61. Low potential for abuse: subject to state an local regulation.

Explanation

The answer is CV because drugs classified as CV have a low potential for abuse and are subject to state and local regulation. This means that they have a relatively low risk of causing addiction or dependence compared to drugs in other classifications. These drugs can still have some risk of abuse, but they are considered to have a lower potential for abuse compared to drugs in other categories.

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62. Schedule I drugs must have copies of DEA certification sent with each order and cannot be called in or refilled over the phone.

Explanation

Schedule II drugs. DVMs cannot get schedule I drugs.

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63. The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiological changes in the body.

Explanation

Pharmacodynamics refers to the study of how drugs interact with the body and produce physiological changes. It involves understanding the mechanisms by which drugs exert their effects, such as binding to specific receptors or altering enzyme activity. This field of study helps in determining the therapeutic effects and potential side effects of drugs, as well as optimizing drug dosages and treatment regimens.

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64. FARAD is sponsored by the FDA Extension Service.

Explanation

USDA extension service.

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65. Drugs that easily bind with receptors are called

Explanation

Agonists are drugs that easily bind with receptors. They activate the receptors and produce a physiological response. This binding can mimic the action of endogenous substances, such as neurotransmitters, and enhance their effects. Agonists have a high affinity for receptors, allowing them to bind easily and effectively. This interaction between agonists and receptors is crucial in pharmacology, as it determines the drug's efficacy and therapeutic effects.

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66. Low potential for abuse: limited physical and psychological dependece (phenobarbital, diazepam).

Explanation

The correct answer is CIV because drugs in this category have a lower potential for abuse compared to drugs in CI, CII, and CIII categories. They may still cause physical or psychological dependence, but to a lesser extent. Examples of CIV drugs include phenobarbital and diazepam.

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67. ______________ is adding glucouronic acid which makes the drug more water-soluble.

Explanation

Conjugation is the process of adding glucouronic acid to a drug, which increases its water solubility. This chemical modification allows the drug to be more easily excreted from the body, as water-soluble substances can be eliminated through urine. Conjugation is an important metabolic pathway that helps in detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body.

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68. This route of administration can be used to euthanize pocket pets.

Explanation

The correct answer is IP, which stands for intraperitoneal. This route of administration involves injecting a substance directly into the peritoneal cavity, which is the space surrounding the organs in the abdomen. It is commonly used in veterinary medicine to euthanize pocket pets, such as hamsters or guinea pigs. The IP route allows for rapid absorption of the euthanasia solution, leading to a quick and painless death for the animal.

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69. _________________ often leads to less-than-effective levels, while ________________ is often toxic. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

Underdosing refers to administering a lower dose of a medication or substance than what is recommended or necessary. This can lead to ineffective levels, as the desired therapeutic effect may not be achieved. On the other hand, overdosing refers to administering a higher dose than what is recommended or safe. This can result in toxic effects, as the body may not be able to metabolize or eliminate the excess amount of the substance.

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70. Drug dissolved in liquid that does NOT settle out if left standing.

Explanation

A solution is a homogeneous mixture in which a drug is dissolved in a liquid. In a solution, the drug particles are evenly distributed throughout the liquid and do not settle out if left standing. This is because the particles of the drug are small enough to remain dispersed in the liquid and do not have enough mass to settle under the force of gravity. Therefore, a solution is the correct answer for a drug dissolved in a liquid that does not settle out if left standing.

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71. Quantities of drugs found in animal products are called __________.

Explanation

Quantities of drugs found in animal products are referred to as residues. Residues can occur when animals are treated with drugs such as antibiotics or growth promoters, and traces of these drugs can remain in the animal products, such as meat, milk, or eggs. Monitoring and controlling drug residues in animal products is important to ensure food safety and to prevent potential health risks for consumers.

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72. A _________________ describes the drug's molecular structure. Often complex and not used in a clinical setting.

Explanation

A chemical name refers to the specific name given to a drug based on its molecular structure. It is often complex and not commonly used in a clinical setting. The chemical name provides a detailed description of the drug's molecular composition, allowing scientists and researchers to identify and study its properties. However, in clinical practice, drugs are typically referred to by their generic or brand names, which are easier to remember and communicate.

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73. A veterinarian-client _______________ must be established before a veterinarian can prescribe medication.

Explanation

In order for a veterinarian to prescribe medication, a relationship must be established between the veterinarian and the client. This is because the veterinarian needs to have a thorough understanding of the animal's medical history, previous treatments, and current health condition before prescribing any medication. The relationship allows the veterinarian to assess the animal's needs and ensure that the prescribed medication is safe and appropriate for the specific situation. Without a relationship, the veterinarian would not have the necessary information to make an informed decision about medication.

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74. Drugs coated with a substance that prevents stomach acids from dissolving the pill until it enter the intestines.

Explanation

Enteric coating is a process in which drugs are coated with a substance that prevents stomach acids from dissolving the pill until it reaches the intestines. This is done to protect the drug from being destroyed by the acidic environment of the stomach and to ensure that it is released in the intestines where it can be absorbed effectively. Enteric coating is commonly used for drugs that are sensitive to stomach acids or that need to be released in a specific part of the gastrointestinal tract.

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75. The _________________ is a list of all animal drug products that have been approved so far.

Explanation

The green book is a comprehensive list of all animal drug products that have received approval. It serves as a reference guide for veterinarians, animal owners, and other stakeholders in the veterinary industry. The green book provides essential information about the approved drugs, including their indications, dosages, and withdrawal periods. It ensures that only safe and effective drugs are used in the treatment and management of animal diseases, promoting animal health and welfare.

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76. Receipts for purchase or sale of controlled substances must be kept for

Explanation

Receipts for purchase or sale of controlled substances must be kept for 2 years. This is because it is important to maintain records of these transactions for a reasonable period of time to ensure compliance with regulations and to provide evidence if needed for auditing or legal purposes. Keeping the receipts for 2 years allows for sufficient time to address any potential issues or inquiries that may arise related to the purchase or sale of controlled substances.

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77. Most drugs are metabolized by the _________ and excreted by the _________. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

Most drugs are metabolized by the liver, where they are broken down into smaller, more easily excreted molecules. These metabolites are then eliminated from the body through the kidneys, which filter waste products from the blood and excrete them in the form of urine. The liver and kidneys play crucial roles in the body's detoxification process, ensuring that drugs and other toxins are efficiently processed and eliminated.

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78. If a drug cannot be approved for animals unless under the supervision of a DVM, it is considered a  _____________ drug.

Explanation

If a drug cannot be approved for animals unless under the supervision of a DVM, it is considered a prescription drug. This means that the drug can only be obtained with a written prescription from a veterinarian. This requirement ensures that the drug is used safely and appropriately, as a veterinarian is able to assess the specific needs and conditions of the animal before prescribing the medication.

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79. _______________ are the first step of new drug development and involves testing the drug on microorganisms and possibly using computer models.

Explanation

Preliminary trials are the initial phase of new drug development. They involve testing the drug on microorganisms and possibly utilizing computer models. These trials help researchers assess the drug's efficacy, safety, and potential side effects before moving on to further testing on animals and humans. By conducting preliminary trials, scientists can gather valuable data that will inform the decision to proceed with the development process or make necessary adjustments to the drug formulation.

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80. Solid dosage forms that are injected under the skin and release over an extended period of time.

Explanation

Implants are solid dosage forms that are injected under the skin and release medication over an extended period of time. These implants are designed to provide a sustained release of medication, allowing for long-term treatment and reducing the need for frequent injections or oral medication. Implants can be made from a variety of materials, including biodegradable polymers, and are commonly used for hormone therapy, contraception, and the treatment of chronic conditions such as diabetes.

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81. __________________ substances are drugs with the potential for physical or psychological addiction and/or abuse.

Explanation

Controlled substances are drugs that have the potential for addiction and abuse, both physically and psychologically. These substances are regulated by laws and regulations to ensure their safe and responsible use. The term "controlled" implies that there are specific restrictions and guidelines in place for the production, distribution, and use of these drugs. This helps to prevent misuse, addiction, and the negative consequences associated with their abuse.

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82. Extreme potential for abuse: no approved medicinal purpose in the US. (LSD, heroin, crack)

Explanation

The given correct answer is CI, which stands for Schedule I. Schedule I drugs have a high potential for abuse and have no approved medicinal purpose in the United States. Examples of Schedule I drugs include LSD, heroin, and crack. These drugs are considered to be the most dangerous and harmful substances, with a high risk of addiction and severe health consequences. They are strictly regulated and illegal to possess or distribute.

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83. With careful consideration, a DVM  prescribes a drug to be used on a cat that has been approved by the FDA for use on dogs only. This is known as ____________ use of a drug.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Off label" or "Extralabel" use of a drug. This term refers to the practice of using a drug in a manner that is not specified on the drug's label or approved by regulatory authorities. In this case, the DVM is prescribing a drug approved for use on dogs to be used on a cat, which is not the intended use according to the FDA.

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84. Drugs given by injection.

Explanation

Parenteral refers to the administration of drugs through routes other than the digestive tract, such as injection. This can include intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injections. The term "parenteral" is used to differentiate from drugs that are taken orally or through other forms of ingestion. By administering drugs parenterally, they can be absorbed more quickly and directly into the bloodstream, allowing for faster onset of action and more precise control of dosage.

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85. Solutions of drugs that have been dissolved in sweetened alcohol (used for drugs not easily dissolved in water).

Explanation

Elixirs are solutions of drugs that have been dissolved in sweetened alcohol. They are used for drugs that are not easily dissolved in water. Elixirs provide an effective way to administer medications that are not water-soluble, as the alcohol helps to dissolve the drug and make it easier to consume. This formulation is commonly used in pharmaceuticals to create a palatable and stable solution for oral administration.

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86. Form of medication that releases small amounts of drug over an extended period of time into the intestinal mucosa.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Sustained-release" or "Sustained release" because this form of medication slowly releases small amounts of the drug into the intestinal mucosa over an extended period of time. This allows for a continuous and controlled release of the drug, maintaining therapeutic levels in the body.

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87. Drugs pass across membranes by three different ways:

Explanation

Drugs can pass across membranes through various mechanisms. Pinocytosis is a process in which the cell engulfs the drug particles by forming vesicles. Passive absorption occurs when the drug molecules move across the membrane down their concentration gradient. Active transport involves the movement of drugs against their concentration gradient with the help of carrier proteins. These three mechanisms allow drugs to enter or exit cells. Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and phagocytosis are not mentioned in the answer, so they are not relevant to the explanation.

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88. Alcohol solutions meant for topical application.

Explanation

Tinctures are alcohol solutions that are used for topical application. They are commonly used in medicine and herbal remedies to extract the active compounds from plants. The alcohol acts as a solvent, extracting the beneficial properties of the plant material and preserving them in a concentrated form. Tinctures are often applied externally to the skin for various purposes, such as treating skin conditions or providing localized pain relief. They are a popular choice for topical application due to their ability to effectively deliver the active ingredients to the affected area.

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89. The DVM's plan for administering medication is called a ____________.

Explanation

The DVM's plan for administering medication is commonly referred to as a regimen or treatment protocol. This plan outlines the specific medications, dosages, and schedule for administration to ensure the optimal treatment outcome for the patient. The term "regimen" is often used to describe a systematic and organized approach to medication administration, while "treatment protocol" emphasizes the comprehensive plan for managing a specific condition or illness. Both terms are widely used in veterinary medicine to guide the administration of medications.

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90. Diluting or combining drugs is known as ______________.

Explanation

Compounding refers to the process of diluting or combining drugs. It involves customizing medications according to the specific needs of a patient, such as altering the dosage form or removing certain ingredients. Compounding is commonly done by pharmacists to provide personalized medications that are not commercially available or to accommodate patients with unique requirements.

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91. 1 grain = ______ mg

Explanation

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92. Drug levels can be measured in

Explanation

Drug levels can be measured in various bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. These fluids provide a representative sample of the drug concentration in the body, allowing healthcare professionals to monitor drug levels and adjust dosages if necessary. Measuring drug levels in blood is a common method as it is easily accessible and provides real-time information. Urine analysis can also provide valuable insights into drug metabolism and excretion. Cerebrospinal fluid testing is particularly useful when monitoring drugs that target the central nervous system. Other fluids mentioned such as tears, saliva, nasal discharge, and shmegma may not be commonly used for drug level measurement or may have limited clinical significance.

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93. A common name for a drug chosen by the company.

Explanation

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94. What is the descending order of metric weights?

Explanation

The given answer states that the descending order of metric weights is Kg>g>mg>mcg. This means that Kilogram (Kg) is the heaviest unit, followed by Gram (g), Milligram (mg), and Microgram (mcg) in decreasing order.

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95. Drugs must move from the absorption site into blood __________. From there, into the ______________ fluid, and then into the _____________ sites of the target cells. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

Drugs need to move from the absorption site into the bloodstream, specifically the plasma, before they can reach the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells. From there, they can then move into the receptor sites of the target cells.

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96. ________________ use lab animals to find out safe and effective doses of drugs.

Explanation

Preclinical trials involve the use of lab animals to determine the safe and effective doses of drugs before they are tested on humans. These trials help researchers understand the potential effects, toxicity, and dosage levels of a drug. By conducting preclinical trials, scientists can gather important data on the drug's efficacy and potential side effects, which is crucial for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the drug before it progresses to clinical trials in humans.

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97. Who regulates the development of new drugs? (3)

Explanation

The development of new drugs is regulated by multiple organizations, including the FDA (Food and Drug Administration), USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), and EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). Each organization plays a specific role in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and environmental impact of new drugs. The FDA primarily focuses on the approval and regulation of pharmaceutical drugs, while the USDA oversees the development of veterinary drugs and regulates the use of drugs in food-producing animals. The EPA, on the other hand, evaluates the environmental impact of drugs and their manufacturing processes. Therefore, all three organizations are involved in regulating the development of new drugs.

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98. Therapeutic index is represented by a ratio between ______ and ______. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

The therapeutic index is represented by a ratio between the lethal dose for 50% of the population (LD50) and the effective dose for 50% of the population (ED50). This ratio helps determine the safety and efficacy of a drug, with a higher therapeutic index indicating a wider margin of safety.

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99. Time between doses.

Explanation

The correct answer is "Dosage interval". The dosage interval refers to the time between doses of a medication or treatment. It determines how often the medication should be taken and helps ensure that the appropriate amount of the drug remains in the body for it to be effective. A shorter dosage interval may be necessary for medications that have a shorter half-life or need to be maintained at a constant level in the body. On the other hand, a longer dosage interval may be appropriate for medications that have a longer duration of action or are taken for chronic conditions.

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100. Name the  two methods the kidneys use to excrete drugs. (include a comma between answers)

Explanation

The kidneys use two methods to excrete drugs: glomerular filtrate and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtrate refers to the process in which drugs are filtered out of the blood and into the kidney tubules. Tubular secretion, on the other hand, involves the active transport of drugs from the blood into the kidney tubules. Both processes play a crucial role in eliminating drugs from the body.

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PO, SQ, IV and IM are examples of routes of administration.
The greater the blood supply to an area, the slower the drug is...
Most drugs that are oil-based or have suspended particles should not...
Powdered drugs compressed into pills or disks
Powdered drugs enclosed within a gelatin coat.
The main site of biotransformation is
Drug suspended in liquid that tends to settle out if left standing.
Generic drugs are not the same as the original drug.
1 gm = ______ mg
This route of administration is not usually performed. Accidental...
The _____________ is the amount of time it takes for the amount of the...
Generic drugs are usually much cheaper than the "name brand"...
Enteric-coated and solution drugs are not common.
_____________ drugs are placed on the skin or mucous membranes.
__________ injections deliver drugs into the dermis of the skin.
It is the LVT's responsibility to administer and chart...
The dose of the drug that is lethal to 50% of patients in a...
The patient's five rights include:
Some drugs are given at a high dose to begin with, followed by smaller...
An ________ drug reaction is an undesirable response to a drug and can...
_____________ is splitting the drug and adding a H2O molecule to the...
The amount of drug given at one time (in units of mass g, mg).
1 tsp = ____ ml
________________________ are circumstances when drugs should not be...
The series of events that occur after a drug has been administered...
The dose of the drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of the...
NEVER, NEVER, NEVER give ampicillin IV.
___________________ is the body's ability to change a drug...
TB or allergy testing uses which of the following routes:
Used as a last resort if other areas are not available.
A drug that has been transformed is called a
Drugs/metabolites do not pass directly into the milk of the mammary...
The unique name given to a drug by the company that develops it is...
Drugs that do not have a high toxicity and do not require a...
_____________ is a gain of electrons
In books, the generic name usually starts with an uppercase letter...
Solutions of drugs with water and sugar.
____________ is a loss of electrons.
1 tbl = ______ ml
_______________ of a drug is why the drug is being used.
High potential for abuse: may lead to severe physical or psychological...
Which of the following routes of administration have the shortest...
What drug is most commonly given via transdermal application?
Drugs that block receptors (from other drugs or hormones) are called
Which of the following routes of administration usually last the...
______________ administration delivers drugs through the skin. The...
1 kg = ______ g or ______ lbs. (include a comma between answers)
______ medication is placed into the oral cavity or by a nasogastric...
The degree to which drugs are absorbed and reach general circulation...
Some potential for abuse: may lead to low to moderate physical...
Species, pH of drug, solubility of drug, size and shape of drug...
____________ of a drug represents the degree to which the drug...
The _______________________________ is the relationship between the...
Name one method used to transform a drug.
FARAD is the acronym for...
The _________________________ (DEA) was established to control the...
This route of administration is used for general anesthesia and in...
The ________ the therapeutic index, the safer it is.
____________________ are trials on the specific target animal(s) of...
1 L = ______ ml or ______ qt. (include a comma between answers)
Low potential for abuse: subject to state an local regulation.
Schedule I drugs must have copies of DEA certification sent with each...
The study of the mechanisms by which drugs produce physiological...
FARAD is sponsored by the FDA Extension Service.
Drugs that easily bind with receptors are called
Low potential for abuse: limited physical and psychological dependece...
______________ is adding glucouronic acid which makes the drug more...
This route of administration can be used to euthanize pocket pets.
_________________ often leads to less-than-effective levels, while...
Drug dissolved in liquid that does NOT settle out if left standing.
Quantities of drugs found in animal products are called __________.
A _________________ describes the drug's molecular structure....
A veterinarian-client _______________ must be established before a...
Drugs coated with a substance that prevents stomach acids from...
The _________________ is a list of all animal drug products that have...
Receipts for purchase or sale of controlled substances must be kept...
Most drugs are metabolized by the _________ and excreted by the...
If a drug cannot be approved for animals unless under the supervision...
_______________ are the first step of new drug development and...
Solid dosage forms that are injected under the skin and release over...
__________________ substances are drugs with the potential for...
Extreme potential for abuse: no approved medicinal purpose in the US....
With careful consideration, a DVM  prescribes a drug to...
Drugs given by injection.
Solutions of drugs that have been dissolved in sweetened alcohol (used...
Form of medication that releases small amounts of drug over an...
Drugs pass across membranes by three different ways:
Alcohol solutions meant for topical application.
The DVM's plan for administering medication is called a...
Diluting or combining drugs is known as ______________.
1 grain = ______ mg
Drug levels can be measured in
A common name for a drug chosen by the company.
What is the descending order of metric weights?
Drugs must move from the absorption site into blood __________. From...
________________ use lab animals to find out safe and effective doses...
Who regulates the development of new drugs? (3)
Therapeutic index is represented by a ratio between ______ and ______....
Time between doses.
Name the  two methods the kidneys use to excrete...
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