Pharmacology - Vitamins

Pellagra is a vitamin deficiency disease called by a lack of ________.  Symptoms of this disease include diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia.

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• Nicotinic Acid

• Pyridoxine

The major symptoms of thiamine deficiency are related to the nervous system, such as sensory disturbances.  Also a loss of muscle strength, personality disturbances (depression), poor memory, and heart problems may occur.

• True

• False

The first sign of this a deficiency in this vitamin is a sore throat; later signs include dermatitis.  It is found in cow's milk, cheese, whole grains, green vegetables, eggs, and organ meats. 

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• Nicotinic Acid

• Pyridoxine

A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to vitamin B9 deficiency.

• True

• False

This vitamin is found in green leafy vegetables, nuts, yeast products, and liver.

• Vitamin D

• Vitamin B12

• Folic Acid

• Nicotinic Acid

Beriberi is a nervous system ailment caused by a ______ deficiency.  In Asia, where polished white rice was the common staple food of the middle class, beriberi resulting from lack of __________ was endemic.  Sensory disturbances, loss of muscle strength, heart problems, poor memory, and depression are symptoms of this deficiency.

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• Nicotinic Acid

• Vitamin B12

• Folic Acid

Riboflavin is found in high concentrations in breast milk.

• True

• False

Riboflavin functions as one of two co-enzymes: FMN and ____.  (three letters)

Nicotinic acid functions in the body (after conversion) to either NAD or ____. Nicotinic acid functions in the body (after conversion) to either NAD or _____. The NAD and _____ function as coenzymes and as oxidants by accepting electrons and hydrogen from substrates and thus becoming reduced.  Essential for tissue respiration.

A deficiency in nicotinic acid is referred to as ______.

• Beriberi

• Pernicious anemia

• Pellagra

• Rickets

Pyridoxine is involved in the metabolic transformation of amino acids.  Symptoms of deficiency include skin lesions and seizures.  A substantial loss of this vitamin occurs during cooking.

• True

• False

________ functions as one of two coenzymes, FAD or FMN.  The first sign of deficiency includes a sore throat.  A later sign of deficiency includes dermatitis.

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• Nicotinic Acid

Vitamin B__ contains cobalt.  (it's a number)

This vitamin is involved in the normal function of every cell in the body, including DNA synthesis and regulation.  A deficiency in this disease can cause serious and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system.

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• Vitamin B12

• Pyridoxine (B9)

• Vitamin K

Pantothenic acid is complexed to beta-alanine.  This derivative is incorporated in coenzyme A.  Neuromuscular degeneration and adrenocortical insuffiency are symptoms of a deficiency in pantothenic acid.

• True

• False

Biotin is stable to cooking.

• True

• False

Symptoms of scurvy include:  (select all that apply)

• Gingivitis

• Anemia

• Losing of teeth

Which of the following is true regarding vitamin C?  (select all that apply)

• Deficiency is known as rickets

• Important in hormone processing

• Important in synthesis of collagen

• Antioxidant

• Helps absorb iron

• A symptom of deficiency includes wound healing failure

• A symptom of deficiency is dermatitis

Which of the following is true regarding Vitamin A?  (select all that apply)

• Has an essential role in the function of the retina

• Is a water soluble vitamin

• A symptom of deficiency is night blindness

• A symptom of deficiency is a compromised immune system leading to more infections

Vitamin _ is also known as alpha tocopherol.  (hint: it's a letter)

Vitamin C and E are antioxidants.

• True

• False

This vitamin is found in meat and dairy products.  If a patient is deficient in this vitamin, fat is stored in muscle. 

• Riboflavin

• Choline

• Vitamin E

• Carnitine

Which of the following is true regarding Vitamin E?  (select all that apply)

• It is present in seeds, including wheat-germ oil

• Antioxidant

• Water soluble vitamin

• The most active of the tocopherols

• It has been advocated for many diseases including CAD, muscular dystrophy, habitual abortion, and schizophrenia

• Regulates calcium metabolism

The active forms of vitamin D are ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3), both of which arise in the body from ingested precursors by exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light.  Vitamin D primarily regulates calcium metabolism by determining the movement of calcium from the intestines to the blood and from the blood to the bone.  It interacts with PTH and ________ in controlling calcium levels. 

A deficiency of vitamin D results in failure to absorb calcium and phosphorus, causing faulty formation of bone. In children the syndrome is known as RICKETS and is manifested by deformities of the rib cage and skull and by bow legs as a consequence of long bones. Adult rickets, or ___________, is characterized by generalized bone calcification and, eventually, gross bone deformities.

Which of the following is true regarding pyridoxine (vitamin B6)?  Select all that apply.

• Involved in metabolic transformations of amino acids (decarboxylation, transamination, and racemization).

• No substantial loss during cooking

• A symptom of deficiency includes seizures

• A symptom of deficiency includes skin lesions

• Food sources include soybeans, vegetables, whole grains, meat, and liver

In humans _______ is a cofactor for the enzymatic carboxylation of four substrates: pyruvate, acetyl coenzyme A (CoA), propionyl CoA, and beta-methylcrotonyl CoA. It plays a an important role in both carbohydtrate and fat metabolism (CO₂ fixation).Food sources include organ meats, egg yolk, fish, nuts.Symptoms of deficiency include dermatitis and alopecia (similar to a zinc deficiency).It is stable to cooking.

• Thiamine

• Riboflavin

• Vitamin B12

• Carnitine

• Pantothetic Acid

• Biotin

• Pyridoxine

Neuromuscular degeneration and adrenocortical insufficiency are symptoms of deficiency in this vitamin.

• Thiamine

• Carnitine

• Folic Acid

• Pantothetic Acid

• Vitamin C

_______ is  important for the oxidation of fatty acids. Symptoms of deficiency result in lipid metabolism being severely affected, resulting in storage of  fat in muscle. Chronic renal failure. Food sources include meat and dairy products.

• Riboflavin

• Thiamine

• Carnitine

• Pantothetic Acid

Only D-carnitine is synthesized in tissues and possesses biological activity.

• True

• False

Thiamine functions in the body in the form of coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) and is mainly involved in carbohydrate metabolism.

• True

• False

In tropical countries, where exposure to sunlight is high, vitamin D deficiency is rare. It is much more common in northern regions.

• True

• False

Ultraviolet irradiation of food products, a practice common in some countries, increases their vitamin D content.

• True

• False

One of the first signs of thiamine deficiency is a sore throat.

• True

• False

Symptoms of hypervitaminosis D consist of weakness, fatigue, lassitude, headache, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Urinary symptoms occur when calcium deposits build up in the kidneys.

• True

• False

This vitamin is especially found in shellfish and liver.

• Riboflavin

• Carnitine

• Vitamin B12

• Pyridoxine

• Pantothetic Acid

• Thiamine

_____________ is complexed to beta-alanine. This derivative is incorporated to Coenzyme A)  Coenzyme A serves as a cofactor for a variety of enzyme-catalyzed reactions involving transfer of acetyl (two-carbon) groups. Symptoms of deficiency include  neuromuscular degeneration and adrenocortical insufficiency.  It is ubiquitous and mainly found in organ meats and egg yolk.

• Pantothetic acid

• Pyridoxine

• Thiamine

• Vitamin E

• Carnitine

The risk of toxicity from folic acid is low . However, folic acid supplements can correct the anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Unfortunately, folic acid will not correct changes in the nervous system that result from vitamin B12 deficiency.

• True

• False

According to Moskovitz, folic acid is necessary for fertilization.

• True

• False

Biotin deficiency may cause...

• Sore throat

• Seizures

• Alopecia

• Gingivitis

This has an essential role in the function of the retina ( involved in light receptors synthesis: Rods and Cones), required for epithelial tissue and bone growth, reproduction, and embryonic development.

• Vitamin E

• Vitamin A

• Vitamin C

Pyridoxine deficiency includes which of the following? Select all that apply.

• Seizures

• Alopecia

• Skin lesions

• Storage of fat in muscle

• Night blindness

• Osteomalacia

A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to a ____ deficiency.

• B1

• B2

• B3

• B9