Pharmacological Principles! Trivia Questions Quiz

Explanation
An agonist is a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more biochemical receptor types in the body. This means that when an agonist binds to a receptor, it triggers a response or activates the receptor, leading to a specific physiological effect. In contrast, an antagonist is a drug that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, thereby blocking the receptor's activity and preventing the physiological response. Therefore, the correct answer is agonist.

Explanation
A) Proprietary name is the same thing as a brand name - it is the trade name given by the developer B) Generic or "nonproprietary name" is the original designation of drug during approval process

Explanation
Drug-induced teratogenesis refers to the study of drug-induced congenital anomalies, specifically the toxic effects that drugs can have on the developing fetus. This field examines how certain medications or substances can cause malformations or abnormalities in the fetus during pregnancy. It focuses on understanding the mechanisms by which these drugs exert their toxic effects and identifying strategies to minimize the risk of harm to the developing fetus.

Explanation
A) Correct B) This is an injury caused by a medication or an injury in the administration of a medication C) D) any unexpected, undesired, or excessive response to a medication

Explanation
Bioavailability is the term used to quantify the extent of drug absorption. It refers to the proportion of a drug that enters the systemic circulation and is available to produce its desired effect. Factors such as drug formulation, route of administration, and first-pass metabolism can affect the bioavailability of a drug. Therefore, bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic parameter that helps determine the effectiveness and dosage of a drug.

Explanation
The methods of administration mentioned in the answer (vaginal, IM, rectal, sublingual) are all ways to bypass the liver. When a medication is administered orally (PO), it passes through the liver before entering the bloodstream, which can result in the medication being metabolized or broken down before it can have its intended effect. However, when medications are administered vaginally, intramuscularly (IM), rectally, or sublingually, they can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream without first passing through the liver, allowing for a more rapid and efficient delivery of the medication.

Explanation
Rectal undergoes both first-pass and non-first-pass routes.

Explanation
Areas of fast distribution are the heart, liver, kidneys, and brain. Areas of slow distribution are muscle, skin, and fat.

Explanation
Skeletal muscle, intestinal mucosa, and plasma aid in drug metabolism. Skeletal muscle contains enzymes that can metabolize drugs, while the intestinal mucosa plays a role in the first-pass metabolism of orally administered drugs. Plasma, which is the liquid component of blood, also contains enzymes that can metabolize drugs. These three factors contribute to the overall metabolism and elimination of drugs from the body.

Explanation
After 5 half-lives it is 97% removed from the body.

Explanation
Warfarin and Digoxin have a low therapeutic index. A low therapeutic index means that there is a narrow margin between the drug's therapeutic dose and toxic dose. In other words, the difference between a safe and effective dose and a potentially harmful dose is small. This makes it crucial to carefully monitor the dosage and blood levels of these drugs to avoid toxicity and adverse effects. Tylenol, Coumadin, and Heparin, on the other hand, have a wider therapeutic index, meaning they have a larger margin of safety between the therapeutic and toxic doses.

Explanation
A) The answer is not ADE because this is an expected outcome of the medication B) this is not an ADR because it is not an adverse effect as a result of the patients body C) Correct, it is a PADE because it is a known adverse effect of the drug D) it is not an ADWE because this does not occur during withdrawal of the medication

Explanation
Therapeutic range is 0.5-2.0ng/ml

Explanation
Therapeutic range is 0.6-1.5mEq/L

Explanation
Therapeutic range is 10-20mcg/dl

Explanation
Therapeutic levels are 10-20 mcg/ml