Pathology 2 Bones , Joints, Muscle And Peripheral Nerves

Osteogenesis Imperfecta is the correct answer because it is a genetic disorder characterized by imperfect bone formation, resulting in bone weakness and fractures. This condition can be present at birth or develop early in life, and individuals with Osteogenesis Imperfecta often have multiple fractures, thin skin, blue sclera, and defective heart valves. Osteopetrosis is a different condition characterized by abnormally dense bones, and osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone.

Osteomyelitis is the correct answer because it is an infection of the bone caused by bacteria, leading to inflammation of the medullary and cortical portions of the bone and periosteum. It can occur in any bone, but in children, it commonly affects long bones, while in adults, it often affects vertebrae. The types of osteomyelitis include pyogenic and chronic if not properly treated, as well as tuberculous. One of the key characteristics of osteomyelitis is suppurative inflammation, which is the presence of pus, and it can also cause marked leukocytosis (increased white blood cell count) in the blood.

Gout is a rare disease that primarily affects men and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. It is characterized by acute arthritis, specifically in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the great toe, causing severe pain. The attacks typically occur at night and can last for several days. This aligns with the given information of the question, making gout the correct answer.

Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the genes encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that only one copy of the mutated gene is needed for the condition to be expressed. Achondroplasia is characterized by dwarfism, with affected individuals having short stature and disproportionate limb lengths. This explanation provides a clear and concise description of how the mutation in the genes encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 leads to the specific condition of achondroplasia.

Aseptic bone necrosis refers to the death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply, also known as ischemia. It commonly affects the head of the femur, making it the most important site for this condition. Aseptic bone necrosis can occur in both children and the elderly, and it is often associated with osteopenia, a condition characterized by decreased bone density. Osteoporosis, on the other hand, is a separate condition involving generalized bone loss, and is not specifically related to aseptic bone necrosis.

Chondrosarcoma is the correct answer because it is a malignant cartilage tumor that commonly affects the spine and pelvic bones. Additionally, it is more prevalent in men between the ages of 30 and 40. Ewing's Sarcoma is a different type of bone cancer that typically affects children and young adults, while Osteoclastoma is a benign bone tumor. Therefore, Chondrosarcoma aligns with the given information and is the most suitable answer.

Liposarcoma is the correct answer because it is a type of sarcoma that predominantly occurs in adults and is characterized by the presence of malignant fat cells. It is the second most common sarcoma in adults, indicating its prevalence and significance in the field of oncology.

Leiomyosarcoma is the correct answer because it originates from the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels. Synovial Sarcoma and Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor do not originate from smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels.

Osteomalacia is a condition characterized by the softening of the bones due to inadequate mineralization of the organic bone matrix. This can be caused by factors such as inadequate intake of Vitamin D, inadequate sunlight exposure, or abnormal intestinal absorption. In osteomalacia, there is enough bone tissue present, but it is not properly mineralized, leading to weakened and soft bones. This condition is commonly seen in children as rickets. Osteopenia and osteoporosis, on the other hand, refer to conditions where there is a decrease in bone density, but they are not specifically characterized by softening of the bones like osteomalacia.

Rheumatoid arthritis is the correct answer because it is an inflammatory disease that involves diffuse thickening and hyperplasia of the synovium, as well as fibrosis of joints. It is more common in females and can be caused by both infection and autoimmune factors. Rheumatoid arthritis can affect any joint, but it particularly affects the interphalangeal joints of the fingers and metacarpophalangeal joints of the hands and feet. It can lead to stiffness, ankylosis deformities, and systemic involvement.

Paget's Disease is a chronic bone disorder characterized by the enlargement and deformity of bones. It is caused by irregular restructuring of bone tissue, leading to the replacement of normal compact bone with dense, sclerotic bone. This results in thickening and deformities of the affected bones. Symptoms of Paget's Disease can include headaches, which may worsen without a reason. Additionally, the bone affected by Paget's Disease may have a honeycomb or cotton wool appearance, and bowlegs can also be a characteristic feature. Therefore, the given symptoms and bone abnormalities align with the features of Paget's Disease.

Osteoporosis is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by excessive thinning and fragility of bones, resulting from atrophy and loss of bone substance. The clinical presentation of osteoporosis includes low bone density, thinning of the spongy trabeculae of the affected bone, bone fractures (which can cause pain), and reduction of height. Osteopenia and osteomalacia are not the correct answers because they do not fully encompass the clinical presentation described. Osteopenia refers to a milder form of bone loss, while osteomalacia refers to softening of the bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the correct answer because it is a soft tissue tumor that originates from striated muscle cells. It is particularly important in children, making it the most significant soft tissue tumor in this age group. Synovial Sarcoma and Polymorphous Cell Sarcoma are not associated with striated muscle cells and are not as commonly seen in children.

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative and metabolic disease that affects movable joints. The risk factors for osteoarthritis include wear and tear of joints, obesity, and excessive use of the joint. The condition is characterized by a gradual loss of articular cartilage and erosion of the articular surface. It commonly affects the knees, fingers, and vertebral joints, leading to a decrease in mobility, pain, and deformity. Rheumatoid arthritis and infectious arthritis are not the correct answers because they are inflammatory diseases, whereas osteoarthritis is non-inflammatory.

Osteosarcoma, also known as osteogenic sarcoma, is the most common highly malignant tumor of bones. It tends to occur at the end of long bones such as the femur, tibia, and fibula. The answer choice "Loss of that extremity (amputation)" is not a correct explanation for osteosarcoma. This answer choice suggests a potential treatment option for osteosarcoma, which may involve amputation in some cases. However, it does not explain the nature or characteristics of the tumor itself.

Ewing's sarcoma is a type of bone cancer that commonly affects young men between the ages of 10 and 20. It typically arises in the medullary cavity, which is the central cavity of a bone. Ewing's sarcoma is characterized by the presence of small, round, blue cells and can cause pain, swelling, and fractures in the affected bone. Other types of bone tumors such as chondrosarcoma and osteoclastoma may also occur in the medullary cavity, but Ewing's sarcoma is the most common in young males.

Renal osteodystrophy is a condition that occurs as a result of chronic renal failure. It is characterized by abnormalities in bone mineralization, leading to bone pain, fractures, and deformities. Compensatory hyperparathyroidism, which is the excessive production of parathyroid hormone, is a common feature of renal osteodystrophy. This hormone causes the release of calcium from the bones, resulting in osteomalacia, a softening of the bones. Therefore, the correct answer is renal osteodystrophy, as it encompasses both compensatory hyperparathyroidism and osteomalacia as manifestations of chronic renal failure.

Polymorphous Cell Sarcoma is a tumor that arises from undifferentiated connective tissue cells and fibroblasts. It is characterized by a variety of cell types and can occur in various locations in the body. This tumor is typically aggressive and has the potential to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to other parts of the body.

Myotonic Dystrophy (AD) is the correct answer because it is a genetic disorder that affects the muscles and causes them to contract and relax slowly. This slow relaxation of the muscles is known as myotonia. Protein kinase is mutated in Myotonic Dystrophy, which leads to the muscle abnormalities and the characteristic symptoms of the condition. In contrast, Becker's and Duchenne's are both forms of muscular dystrophy that primarily affect the muscles' strength and function, rather than causing slow muscle relaxation.

Angiosarcoma is the correct answer because it is a tumor that originates from endothelial cells, which line the blood vessels. It is most commonly found in the head and neck region. Synovial sarcoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma that typically occurs near the joints, while leiomyosarcoma arises from smooth muscle cells. Therefore, neither of these options fit the given description.

Osteopenia refers to a decrease in the amount of osseous tissue, specifically a reduced amount of mineralized bone. This condition is usually a precursor to osteoporosis or osteomalacia. Osteoporosis is a condition where there is a significant loss of bone mass, making the bones weak and brittle. Osteomalacia, on the other hand, is a condition where the bones become soft and weak due to a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium. Therefore, osteopenia can be seen as an early stage of bone loss, which can progress to more severe conditions like osteoporosis or osteomalacia.

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is the most common type of muscular dystrophy caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes dystrophin. This mutation leads to the degeneration of skeletal muscle cells and the continuation of muscle weakness. In this case, the boy at school complaining about weakness, fatigue, and difficulty with activities suggests the progression of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. The elevated levels of CK (creatine kinase) also support this diagnosis. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is inherited in an X-linked recessive manner, which means it primarily affects males.

Infectious arthritis is the correct answer because it is characterized by an acute inflammatory process that affects multiple joints, including the knees, hips, ankles, and wrists. This type of arthritis is caused by an infection in the joint, which leads to inflammation and congestion of the synovial membrane. Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis are other types of arthritis, but they do not typically present with acute inflammation or affect multiple joints in this manner.

Muscular dystrophies are a group of genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. These conditions result from mutations in genes responsible for the structure and function of muscle fibers. The muscle weakness in muscular dystrophies is caused by the inability of the muscles to properly contract and generate force. This leads to difficulty in movement, muscle wasting, and eventually loss of muscle function. Unlike myasthenia gravis, which is an autoimmune disorder affecting the neuromuscular junction, and neurogenic atrophy, which is the result of nerve damage, muscular dystrophies are directly caused by genetic defects.

Osteopetrosis is the correct answer because it is a disorder characterized by abnormally dense bones. In autosomal dominant cases, individuals experience multiple fractures, while in autosomal recessive cases, there is slow growth and mental retardation. Achondroplasia is a different condition characterized by dwarfism, and osteogenesis imperfecta is a disorder that causes brittle bones.

Osteoclastoma, also known as giant cell tumor, is a benign bone tumor that commonly occurs in the knees. It is characterized by a large bulky mass with cystic areas. The tumor can cause loss of function of the joint due to its size and location. Osteoclastomas are more commonly seen in young women in their 30s. Therefore, based on the given information, osteoclastoma is the most suitable answer.

Synovial sarcoma is the correct answer because it is a highly malignant tumor that commonly arises in the soft tissues of the extremities, particularly in young adults. This type of sarcoma is named after its resemblance to synovial tissue, which lines the joints. It is characterized by a unique genetic translocation and typically presents as a painless mass. Other options, such as liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, may also occur in soft tissues but do not typically exhibit the same clinical features as synovial sarcoma.

Cerebral Palsy is the most common form of muscle weakness in children, often characterized by floppy muscles. It is a neurological disorder caused by damage to the brain before or during birth, or in early childhood. This damage affects muscle control and coordination, leading to muscle weakness and difficulty with movement. Cerebral Palsy can vary in severity and can also be accompanied by other symptoms such as speech and learning difficulties. Duchenne's and Becker's are forms of muscular dystrophy, which are genetic disorders that cause progressive muscle weakness and degeneration, but they are not the most common forms in children.

Neurogenic atrophy is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by muscle wasting and weakness due to damage or dysfunction of the nerves that control the muscles. In the given scenario, the symptoms described (fatigue, muscle weakness, and involvement of eyes and facial muscles) are consistent with neurogenic atrophy. The mention of the end result being a wheelchair suggests that the condition progresses to a severe disability, which is often seen in neurogenic atrophy. Myasthenia gravis and muscular dystrophies are not the correct answers as they are not specifically related to neuromuscular junction dysfunction or neurogenic atrophy.