Boards Review: Pathology (musculoskeletal)

2.

Fixation of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac join in ankylosing spondylitis is called what?

Explanation
In ankylosing spondylitis, the inflammation and fusion of the vertebrae in the spine can lead to a rigid and inflexible spine. This condition is commonly referred to as "bamboo spine" due to the appearance of the fused vertebrae resembling a bamboo stalk. The fixation of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac joint in ankylosing spondylitis results in the characteristic bamboo spine presentation.

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3.

What is disease is an X-linked disorder that is marked by wasting in the proximal muscles and extremities and compensatory hypertrophy of distal sites?

Explanation
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked disorder that affects the muscles, causing wasting in the proximal muscles and extremities. This means that the muscles in these areas become weaker and smaller over time. However, there is compensatory hypertrophy, or enlargement, of muscles in distal sites. This is a characteristic feature of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is caused by a mutation in the dystrophin gene.

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2

4.

Why is osteoporosis type I most commonly associated with post-menopausal women?

Explanation
Osteoporosis type I is most commonly associated with post-menopausal women because estrogen deficiency occurs after menopause. Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining bone density and strength. As women age and their estrogen levels decrease, their bones become more susceptible to loss of density and strength, leading to osteoporosis. This is why post-menopausal women are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis type I compared to men or pre-menopausal women.

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5.

Where do Heberden's nodes occur and where do Bouchard's nodes occur?

Explanation
Heberden's nodes occur at the distal interphalangeal joints (DIP), which are the joints closest to the fingertips. Bouchard's nodes, on the other hand, occur at the proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP), which are the joints in the middle of the fingers.

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6.

Osteochondrosis is a disease primarily affecting what age group?

Explanation
Osteochondrosis is a disease primarily affecting children. This condition involves the abnormal development of bone and cartilage in growing children, particularly in the joints. It commonly occurs during periods of rapid growth and development, such as adolescence. The disease can cause pain, stiffness, and limited mobility in affected joints. By specifying that osteochondrosis primarily affects children, it suggests that the condition is less common or less severe in adults.

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7.

Which type of skeletal tumor is an anaplastic small-cell malignant tumor of long bones, rubs, pelvis, scapula and in boys under 15?

Explanation
Ewing's sarcoma is a type of skeletal tumor that primarily affects long bones, ribs, pelvis, and scapula. It is characterized by the presence of anaplastic small-cell malignant cells. This tumor is more common in boys under the age of 15.

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8.

Which autoimmune disorder develops from autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions?

Explanation
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that occurs due to the production of autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions. These autoantibodies interfere with the normal communication between nerves and muscles, leading to muscle weakness and fatigue. This condition primarily affects the voluntary muscles, causing symptoms such as drooping eyelids, difficulty in swallowing and speaking, and muscle weakness in the limbs. Treatment options for myasthenia gravis include medications to suppress the immune system and improve neuromuscular transmission.

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9.

What type of deformities are associated with RA?

Haygarth's nodes on the PIPs
Boutonniere or swan neck deformities on the fingers
Ulnar deviation of the wrist
Toe clawing
Muscular dystrophy

Correct Answer(s)

A. Haygarth's nodes on the PIPs
A. Boutonniere or swan neck deformities on the fingers
A. Ulnar deviation of the wrist
A. Toe clawing

Explanation

The correct answer includes Haygarth's nodes on the PIPs, Boutonniere or swan neck deformities on the fingers, Ulnar deviation of the wrist, and toe clawing. These deformities are commonly associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Haygarth's nodes are bony swellings that develop on the middle joints of the fingers. Boutonniere deformity refers to the flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joint and hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint. Swan neck deformity is characterized by hyperextension of the proximal interphalangeal joint and flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint. Ulnar deviation of the wrist is a common finding in RA, and toe clawing can also occur due to the involvement of small joints in the feet.

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10.

What type of nodules form in osteoarthritis?

Correct Answer(s)
Heberden's nodes, Bouchard's nodes
Bouchard's nodes, Heberden's nodes

Explanation
Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes are both types of nodules that can form in osteoarthritis. Heberden's nodes are bony enlargements that develop at the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers, while Bouchard's nodes are similar enlargements that occur at the proximal interphalangeal joints. Therefore, the correct answer is that both Heberden's nodes and Bouchard's nodes can form in osteoarthritis, with Heberden's nodes typically occurring at the distal joints and Bouchard's nodes occurring at the proximal joints.

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1

11.

What causes an increase in hip fractures in people over 70 years of age?

Correct Answer(s)
Osteoporosis Type II

Explanation
Osteoporosis Type II is the correct answer because it is a condition characterized by a decrease in bone density, making the bones more fragile and prone to fractures. As people age, their bone mass naturally decreases, and this is particularly pronounced in individuals over 70 years of age. Therefore, the combination of age-related bone loss and the presence of osteoporosis Type II increases the risk of hip fractures in this population.

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Boards Review: Pathology (Musculoskeletal)

Vitamin D deficiency is aassociated with what degenerative bone disease?

Quiz Preview

Fixation of the lumbar spine and sacroiliac join in ankylosing spondylitis is called what?

What is disease is an X-linked disorder that is marked by wasting in the proximal muscles and extremities and compensatory hypertrophy of distal sites?

Why is osteoporosis type I most commonly associated with post-menopausal women?

Where do Heberden's nodes occur and where do Bouchard's nodes occur?

Osteochondrosis is a disease primarily affecting what age group?

Which type of skeletal tumor is an anaplastic small-cell malignant tumor of long bones, rubs, pelvis, scapula and in boys under 15?

Which autoimmune disorder develops from autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors in the neuromuscular junctions?

What type of deformities are associated with RA?

What type of nodules form in osteoarthritis?

What causes an increase in hip fractures in people over 70 years of age?