Patho. Chapter. Five.
Adenoma
Lipoma
Fibrosarcoma
Adenocarcinoma
Carcinomas
Sarcomas
Melanomas
Fibromas
Unencapsulated, invasive
It consists of undifferentiated cells
It exerts systemic effects
Cells appear relatively normal
Size of the tumor
Number of metastases
Degree of differentiation of the cells
Number of lymph nodes involved
Persistent, unusual bleeding
A change in bowel habits
Sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
A change in shape, color, or surface of a skin lesion
1, 2
1, 3
2, 4
3, 4
The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells
Severe weight loss and cachexia associated with advanced cancer
The decreased resistance to infection resulting from malignant tumors
The effects of multiple metastatic tumors
Invasiveness
Seeding
Metastasis
Systemic effect
Identify the original cell from which the tumor developed
Locate and identify the primary tumor
Decide the initiating factor for a particular tumor
Determine the best treatment and the prognosis
Exposure to promoters causing dysplasia
Development of defective genes
An irreversible change in the cell DNA
A single exposure to a known risk factor causing temporary cell damage
A needle containing a radioisotope implanted beside the tumor
Gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine
A dose of a radioactive drug to be ingested
A fluid containing radioactive material instilled in a body cavity
All cells in the tumor at one time
The cells in the center of the tumor
Primarily rapidly dividing cells
Radioresistant cells
Thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
Headache and lethargy
Nausea and constipation
Alopecia and weight loss
1, 3
1, 4
2, 3
3, 4
The ovaries are inaccessible
Specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors develop
The same tumor markers are present with many types of cancer
No effective treatment is available
Colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Hepatic cancer: CA125
Prostate cancer: human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Testicular cancer: Philadelphia chromosome
Promoting the immune response and removal of tumor cells
Blocking hormonal stimulation of tumor cells
Reduce blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells
Transport radioisotopes into tumor to destroy cells
The cancer cells are being destroyed quickly
The patient is likely to hemorrhage
Higher doses of chemotherapy could be tolerated by this patient
The patient is at high risk for infection
Metastasize quickly to all parts of the body
Spread first to lungs and bone
Spread to other parts of CNS
Do not metastasize anywhere at any time
Alopecia
Bone marrow depression
Nausea and vomiting
Weight loss
Glucocorticoids greatly potentiate the effect of chemotherapy
The immune system is stimulated
Bone marrow is more active
Inflammation around the tumor may be reduced
1 only
1, 2
2, 3
2, 3, 4
Epithelial cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Nerve tissue
Collagen and fibrous tissue