Patho: Cardio

1. Sympathetic innervation of the heart

Decreases both heart rate and contractility

Decreases heart rate and increases contractility

Increases both heart rate and contractility

Increases heart rate and decreases contractility

2. The ability of the myocardium to contract independent of changes in fiber length is:

Preload

Afterload

Contractility

Stroke volume

3. AV nodal fibers - when not stimulated from elsewhere - have an intrinsic discharge rate of ___.

15-40 times a minute

40-60 times a minute

An average of 70 times a minute

100 times a minute

4. Total cholesterol should ideally be below

40 mg/dL

100 mg/dL

200 mg/dL

300 mg/dL

400 mg/dL

5. Effects of hypertension can often be seen everywhere but the following:

The heart

The kidneys

The brain

The blood vessels

The liver

6. Which is not a cause of aneurysm?

Hypotension

Turbulent blood flow

Atherosclerosis

Marfan's syndrome

7. What is a distinguishing factor of sinus dysrhythmia?

Irregular rate

Irregular rhythm

Lack of definitive P waves

A twisting or rotating pattern

8. Which name refers to the middle internodal pathway?

Bachmann's

Wenckebach's

Thorel's

Frank-Starling's

9. Which is a delay zone to allow the atria to contract prior to ventricular contraction?

AV node

SA node

Purkinje fibers

Bundle branches

10. Which of the following describes a fast rate with sudden onset and termination that tends to reoccur and be of shot duration?

Sinus tachycardia

Sinus dysrhythmia

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

Sick sinus syndrome

11. Which is a normal variant?

Ventricular fibrillation

Ventricular tachycardia

Premature ventricular contractions

Sinus arrest

12. Automaticity

Is the ability of the Purkinje fibers to depolarize during phase 4

Can be increased by acetylcholine

Can be decreased by epinephrine

Is a property in the SA and AV nodes

13. ___ form the cross bridges that generate force that cause the the overlapping myofilaments to slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere and causing muscle contraction.

Troponin

Tryopomycin

Actin and myosin

Calcium channels

14. The Frank-Starling law

States that stretching myocardial fibers during diastole increases force of contraction in systole

Hypothesizes that ventricular hypertrophy decreases afterload

States that increased arterial pressure requires more tension to eject blood

States that if the ventricular wall is thicker, you need less tension to eject blood

15. What is the cardiac index?

The volume blood ejected by the ventricle per beat

The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per minute

The volume of blood ejected by the left ventricle into the aorta per minute corrected for body size

The degree of tension on the heart muscle when it begins to contract

The amount of tension needed to open the semilunar valves and eject blood

16. Which interval represents the AV node?

P wave

PR interval

QRS interval

ST interval

17. The most common cause of increased afterload is:

Hyperthyroidism

Aortic regurgitation

Hypertension

Myocardial infarction

Hypervolemia

18. A desirable and resonable target level for high density lipoprotein is

200 mg/dL

100 mg/dL

40 mg/dL

30mg/dL

19. Which is false concerning the long QT interval?

It can be acquired or inherited

It is linked to cocaine use

It is caused by delayed repolarization of the atria

When inherited it can be triggered by increased sympathetic tone

20. Which is a common complication of ischemia and infarction?

Papillary muscle shunting

Venous return decreases

Fall in stroke volume

Decrease in heart rate

Deactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

21. Valvular stenosis

Obstructs flow

Increases volume work

Allows backflow

Involves valve leaflets that do not close securely

22. In which disease does restricted blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and right sided failure?

Tricuspid valve stenosis

Pulmonic regurgitation

Pulmonic stenosis

23. Heart muscle relaxation

Is from the formation of cross bridges

Is caused by the activation of troponin and tropomycin

Is caused by blood moving across the gradient

Increases the permeability of sarcolemma to calcium ions

24. Which is not the case in myocardial infarction?

Cardiac enzymes are increased (creatine kinase, creatine phosphokinase, troponin)

ST and Q levels are changed on an EKG

Collateral circulation is a compensatory mechanism

The right coronary artery is the "widowmaker"

Functional changes in the heart are similar to ischemia

25. In severe mitral stenosis,

The bicuspid valve is narrowed to 2 square centimeters

The tricuspid valve is narrowed to 2 square centimeters

The bicuspid valve is narrowed to 1 square centimeter

The tricuspid valve is narrowed to 1 square centimeter

26. The rupturing of necrotic cardiac tissue can cause

Ventricular aneurysm

Thromboembolism

Pericarditis

Papillary muscle dysfunction

Cardiac tamponade

27. Which chamber of the heart is affected by the conduction of the three internodal pathways?

Left atrium

Left ventricle

Right atrium

Right ventricle

28. Which is false?

The P wave corresponds to atrial depolarization

The P wave corresponds to the action of the SA node

The isoelectric line between P and Q corresponds to AV depolarization

The vertical axis of the EKG is time in seconds

The T line corresponds to ventricular repolarization

29. Which of these is not true?

Phase 0 is the resting membrane potential

Phase 1 is early repolarization

Phase 2 is a platau

Phase 3 is rapid repolarization

Phase 4 is the resting membrane potential

30. Which is caused by infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Congestive cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

31. The most common type of thoracic aneurysm

Originates in the upper descending aorta distal to the left subclavian and extends distally to the bifurcation

Originates in the ascending aorta only

Originates in the ascending aorta above the aortic valve and extends distally to the abdominal aorta

Is an AAA

32. Vircho's triad refers to (three answers):

Venous stasis

Anemia

Venous injury

Hypercoagulability

Hypovolemia

Submit

33. Beriberi is a cause of

Low output heart failure concerning increased preload

Low output heart failure concerning increased afterload

Low output heart failure concerning decreased contractility

High output heart failure

34. Heart rate, venous return, left ventricular stretch are determinant of

Preload

Contractility

Afterload

The LaPlace equation

35. Which cardiomyopathy, thought to have a genetic component, has symptoms of angina, syncope and dysrhythmia?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Congestive cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

36. The slow calcium-sodium channels open during which phase?

Phase 0

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

37. AV blocks can be caused by

Atrial septal defects

Rate changes

Lev's and Lenerge's diseases

Aortic valve disease

38. Which is not a symptom of chronic occlusive arterial disease?

Intermittent claudication

Skin color changes based on posture

Orthopnea

Absent or diminished pulses

Pain at bed time or at rest

39. Which is correct concerning compensatory mechanisms in congestive heart failure?

Angiotensin I, a potent vasoconstrictor, is released in response to activity in the kidney

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are released in the sympathetic response

Wall thickness is decreased and the number of sarcomeres is increased

Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides cause an antidiuretic effect

TNF and interleukin 6 increase the nitric oxide vasoconstriction effect

40. The following often requires surgery

Mitral valve prolapse

Acute mitral regurgitation

Chronic mitral regurgitation

Mitral stenosis

41. Varicose veins are a common cause of which of the following?

Deep vein thrombosis

Superficial thrombophlebitis

Thromboembolic venous disease

Valvular insufficiency

42. Which arteries supply the Bundle of His?

Coronary arteries

Anterior and posterior descending arteries

Left anterior descending and posterior descending arteries

Right and left anterior descending arteries

43. Which phase is not during the absolute refractory period?

Phase 0

Phase 1

Phase 2

Part of phase 3

Phase 4

44. Which is false about Rheumatic Fever?

It often follows streptococcal pharyngitis

A sign of it is Aschoff's bodies

The highest incidence is in the elderly

Patients often have a rash

It follows infection by six months

45. Mobitz II is

A first degree AV block

A second degree AV block associated with a prolonged QRS interval

Is seen transiently in inferior myocardial infarction

Has a high incidence of progression to high degree heart block

46. Te basic pathophysiology of heart failure does not include (two answers):

Increased preload

Increased afterload

Decreased afterload

Increased contractility

Decreased contractility

Submit

47. What affects contraction of the left ventricle?

The bundle of His

Purkinje fibers

Right bundle branch

Bachmann's bundle

48. Right sided heart failure includes the following symptoms (more than one answer)

Anorexia

Pulmonary edema

Ascites

Cough

Dyspnea

Submit

49. This can cause a T-wave inversion on an EKG (two answers)

Mobitz I heart block

Mobitx II heart block

Ischemia

Right bundle branch block

Left bundle branch block

Submit

50. ___ is hear during the relaxation of the heart. (2 answers)

Mitral stenosis

Mitral regurgitation

Aortic stenosis

Aortic regurgitation

Submit

Patho: Cardio

1. Sympathetic innervation of the heart

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. The ability of the myocardium to contract independent of changes in fiber length is:

3. AV nodal fibers - when not stimulated from elsewhere - have an intrinsic discharge rate of ___.

4. Total cholesterol should ideally be below

5. Effects of hypertension can often be seen everywhere but the following:

6. Which is not a cause of aneurysm?

7. What is a distinguishing factor of sinus dysrhythmia?

8. Which name refers to the middle internodal pathway?

9. Which is a delay zone to allow the atria to contract prior to ventricular contraction?

10. Which of the following describes a fast rate with sudden onset and termination that tends to reoccur and be of shot duration?

11. Which is a normal variant?

12. Automaticity

13. ___ form the cross bridges that generate force that cause the the overlapping myofilaments to slide past each other, shortening the sarcomere and causing muscle contraction.

14. The Frank-Starling law

15. What is the cardiac index?

16. Which interval represents the AV node?

17. The most common cause of increased afterload is:

18. A desirable and resonable target level for high density lipoprotein is

19. Which is false concerning the long QT interval?

20. Which is a common complication of ischemia and infarction?

21. Valvular stenosis

22. In which disease does restricted blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery lead to right ventricular hypertrophy and right sided failure?

23. Heart muscle relaxation

24. Which is not the case in myocardial infarction?

25. In severe mitral stenosis,

26. The rupturing of necrotic cardiac tissue can cause

27. Which chamber of the heart is affected by the conduction of the three internodal pathways?

28. Which is false?

29. Which of these is not true?

30. Which is caused by infiltrative diseases such as amyloidosis?

31. The most common type of thoracic aneurysm

32. Vircho's triad refers to (three answers):

33. Beriberi is a cause of

34. Heart rate, venous return, left ventricular stretch are determinant of

35. Which cardiomyopathy, thought to have a genetic component, has symptoms of angina, syncope and dysrhythmia?

36. The slow calcium-sodium channels open during which phase?

37. AV blocks can be caused by

38. Which is not a symptom of chronic occlusive arterial disease?

39. Which is correct concerning compensatory mechanisms in congestive heart failure?

40. The following often requires surgery

41. Varicose veins are a common cause of which of the following?

42. Which arteries supply the Bundle of His?

43. Which phase is not during the absolute refractory period?

44. Which is false about Rheumatic Fever?

45. Mobitz II is

46. Te basic pathophysiology of heart failure does not include (two answers):

47. What affects contraction of the left ventricle?

48. Right sided heart failure includes the following symptoms (more than one answer)

49. This can cause a T-wave inversion on an EKG (two answers)

50. ___ is hear during the relaxation of the heart. (2 answers)