A&p - Lower Extremity - Muscle

The psoas major and the iliacus are indeed powerful hip flexors. These muscles work together to flex the hip joint, bringing the thigh towards the abdomen. They are important for movements such as walking, running, and climbing stairs. When these muscles contract, they generate a significant amount of force, allowing for powerful hip flexion. Therefore, the statement that the psoas major and the iliacus are powerful hip flexors is true.

The correct answer is Rectius Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Medialis. These muscles make up the quadriceps femoris group, which is located in the front of the thigh. The rectus femoris is the main muscle in this group and is responsible for extending the leg at the knee joint. The vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis work together to assist in knee extension and provide stability to the knee joint.

The statement is true because the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris are indeed the three hamstring muscles that flex the knee. These muscles all originate at the ischial tuberosity, which is a bony prominence located at the base of the pelvis. This origin point allows the hamstrings to generate the necessary force to flex the knee joint.

The statement is true because the hamstrings, which include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles, are responsible for both flexion of the knee and extension at the hip. These muscles work together to allow movements such as bending the knee and bringing the leg backward at the hip joint. Therefore, the statement accurately describes the function of the hamstrings as flexors of the knee and extensors at the hip.

The flexors of the ankle and toes are the muscles responsible for flexing or bending the ankle and toes. The Tibialis Posterior, Flexor Digitorum Longus, and Flexor Hallucis Longus are all examples of these flexor muscles. Therefore, the statement that the flexors of the ankle and toes consist of these three muscles is true.

The distal end of the quadriceps and the patellar ligament are indeed the same structure. The quadriceps muscle is a group of four muscles located in the front of the thigh, and its distal end (lower end) forms the patellar ligament. The patellar ligament connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia (shinbone), and it is responsible for transmitting the force produced by the quadriceps muscle to the lower leg, allowing for movements such as kicking and jumping. Therefore, it is correct to say that the distal end of the quadriceps and the patellar ligament are the same structure.

The correct answer is Ischial Tuberosity. The biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and quadratus femoris all originate at the ischial tuberosity. The ischial tuberosity is a bony prominence located at the base of the pelvis, specifically the posterior part of the hip bone. It serves as the attachment point for several muscles, including the ones mentioned in the question.

The statement is true because the biceps femoris is indeed located on the lateral side of the body, while the semitendinosus is positioned more medially within the hamstring group. This anatomical arrangement is consistent with the typical positioning of these muscles in the human body.

The statement is true because the Gracilis, Sartorius, and Semitendinosus muscles are indeed part of the Pes Anserinus group. The Pes Anserinus is a group of tendons located on the medial aspect of the knee, and it consists of the tendons of these three muscles. These tendons come together and attach to the tibia bone, playing a role in stabilizing the knee joint and assisting in flexion and rotation movements.

The Rectus Femoris muscle originates at the AIIS, which stands for Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine. This is a bony projection located on the front side of the hip bone. The AIIS serves as the attachment point for the Rectus Femoris, which is one of the four muscles that make up the quadriceps muscle group. The Rectus Femoris plays a key role in extending the knee and flexing the hip joint.

The Gastrocnemius muscle does indeed originate on the posterior aspect of the knee at the condyles of the femur. This muscle is one of the major muscles in the calf and plays a crucial role in plantar flexion of the foot. Its origin at the knee allows it to generate the necessary force to perform this movement.

The given statement is true. The mnemonic "Preforming GOGO Queens" is used to remember the names of the lateral rotator muscles in the hip. The first letter of each word in the mnemonic corresponds to the first letter of each muscle: Piriformis, Gemelleus (superior), Obturator Internus, Gemelleus (inferior), Obturator Externus, and Quadratis Femoris. This mnemonic can be helpful for students or professionals studying anatomy or for anyone who needs to remember the names of these muscles.

The statement is true because the extensors of the ankle and toes include the Tibialis Anterior, the Extensor Digitorum Longus, and the Extensor Hallucis Longus. These muscles are responsible for extending the ankle joint and dorsiflexing the foot, as well as extending the toes.

The statement is true because extensors are indeed located along the anterior and lateral surfaces of the leg, while flexors are located along the posterior and medial surfaces. This is consistent with the anatomical arrangement of muscles in the leg, where extensor muscles are responsible for extending or straightening the leg, and flexor muscles are responsible for flexing or bending the leg.

The Sartorius muscle is a long, strap-like muscle that runs from the hip to the knee. It originates at the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), which is a bony projection located at the front of the hip bone. The ASIS serves as the attachment point for the Sartorius muscle, allowing it to flex and rotate the hip joint. Therefore, the correct answer is ASIS.

The statement is true. The quadriceps muscles, including the Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Intermedialis, and Vastus Medialis, all originate at the linea aspera of the femur, except for the Rectus Femoris, which originates at the AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine).

The Peroneous (Fibularis) Brevis muscle originates from the distal 2/3 of the lateral fibula.

The primary function of the Quadriceps Group is extension. The quadriceps muscles, which include the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius, are responsible for extending the knee joint. This means they straighten the leg from a bent position. Extension is an important movement for activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

The popliteus muscle originates on the femur near the lateral condyle and inserts on the posterior tibial shaft. This means that all of the given statements are correct.

The femoral triangle is a region located in the upper thigh where important structures such as the femoral artery, femoral vein, and femoral nerve pass through. It is bordered by the inguinal ligament, which is a band of connective tissue that runs from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle. The adductor longus and sartorius muscles also form the boundaries of the femoral triangle. Therefore, the statement that the femoral triangle consists of the inguinal ligament, the adductor longus, and the sartorius is true.

The gracillis muscle is the only adductor muscle that crosses the knee joint. This means that it originates from the pubic bone and inserts into the tibia bone, allowing it to flex and adduct the thigh at the hip joint, as well as flex the leg at the knee joint. The other adductor muscles, such as the adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis, do not cross the knee joint and therefore do not directly contribute to knee movement.

The rectus femoris is a muscle located in the front of the thigh. It is one of the four quadriceps muscles and its main action is to extend the knee. However, besides extending the knee, the rectus femoris also has another muscle action, which is to flex the thigh at the hip. This means that it is involved in bringing the thigh towards the abdomen, as in movements like lifting the leg during walking or kicking a ball. Therefore, the correct answer is "Flex the thigh @ the hip."

The statement is true because the Lateral Rotators - Piriformis, Gemelleus (superior), Obturator Internus, Gemelleus (inferior), Obturator Externus, and Quadratis Femoris - are all innervated by the sacral plexus, except for the Obturator Externus which is innervated by the Obturator nerve.

The Peroneous (Fibularis) Longus muscle originates from the head of the fibula and the proximal two-thirds of the lateral fibula.

The semimembranosus is not part of the pes anserinus. The pes anserinus is a group of three tendons (sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus) that insert onto the medial aspect of the tibia, while the semimembranosus is a separate muscle located in the posterior compartment of the thigh. Therefore, the statement is false.

The given statement is true. The ADDuctors, which include the Pectineus, ADDuctor Brevis, ADDuctor Longus, Gracillis, and ADDuctor Magnus, all adduct the hip and medially rotate the hip. Additionally, all of them except the Gracillis also flex the hip.

The Tensor Fascia Latae muscle originates at the ASIS, which stands for Anterior Superior Iliac Spine. This bony prominence is located on the front and upper part of the hip bone. The Tensor Fascia Latae muscle plays a role in stabilizing the hip joint and is involved in movements such as hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation.

The Obturator Externus muscle originates at the Obturator Foramen. This is a large opening in the hip bone that is formed by the pubic bone and ischium. The muscle attaches to the margins of the foramen and then runs laterally to insert onto the greater trochanter of the femur. The Obturator Externus muscle functions to laterally rotate and stabilize the hip joint.

The muscles mentioned, including the Piriformis, Gemellus, Obturators, and Quadratus femoris, are responsible for laterally rotating the leg. Lateral rotation refers to the movement of the leg away from the midline of the body. These muscles work together to rotate the leg outward, allowing for movements such as turning the foot outward or crossing the leg over the opposite knee.

The Gluteus Maximus muscle originates at the line of the ilium and the dorsal surface of the sacrum and coccyx. This means that the muscle starts at the upper part of the hip bone (ilium) and extends down to the back of the sacrum and coccyx (tailbone). This origin allows the Gluteus Maximus to play a key role in hip extension and also provides stability to the pelvis during activities such as walking, running, and climbing stairs.

The statement is true because the acronym "The Lateral Rotators - Preforming GOGO Queens" represents the muscles that perform lateral rotation of the hip joint. These muscles include the Piriformis, Gemellus (superior), Obturator Internus, Gemellus (inferior), Obturator Externus, and Quadratus Femoris. All of these muscles insert at the trochanter, which is a bony prominence on the femur. Therefore, the statement accurately describes the insertion points of these muscles.

The correct answer is the Anterior/Lateral Femoral Shaft. The Vastus Intermedius is one of the quadriceps muscles located in the anterior compartment of the thigh. It originates from the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral shaft, which is the long bone of the thigh. This muscle plays a crucial role in extending the knee joint and is involved in activities such as walking, running, and jumping.

The adductor brevis muscle originates from the body and inferior ramus of the pubis. This means that it attaches to the lower part of the pubic bone. The other options listed, such as the pubic bone itself, the obturator foramen, and the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine), are not correct origins for the adductor brevis muscle.

The pectineus muscle originates at the pubic bone, specifically at the area known as the pectin. The pectin is a ridge-like structure located on the superior pubic ramus, which is a part of the pubic bone. Therefore, the correct answer is "Pubic bone (Pectin)".

The popliteus muscle originates at the lateral condyle of the femur.

The Gluteus Medius originates at the illium between the posterior and anterior gluteal lines

The Gemellus muscle originates at the ischial tuberosity (inferior) and the spine of the ischium (superior).

The Vastus Medialis is a muscle located in the thigh. It originates at the Linea Aspera and Intertrochanteric line, which are both bony landmarks on the femur. The Linea Aspera is a ridge on the posterior side of the femur, while the Intertrochanteric line is a ridge on the anterior side. These origins provide attachment points for the Vastus Medialis muscle, allowing it to function in movements such as knee extension. The other options, the Greater trochanter and Anterior/Lateral Femoral Shaft, are not correct as they do not serve as origins for the Vastus Medialis.

The flexors of the knee are the muscles that help to bend the knee joint. The biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and sartorius are all muscles that contribute to knee flexion. The biceps femoris is located on the back of the thigh and helps to flex the knee and rotate the leg. The semitendinosus and semimembranosus are both located on the back of the thigh and also assist in knee flexion. The sartorius muscle is located on the front of the thigh and aids in both hip flexion and knee flexion.

The correct answer is Greater trochanter,Linea Aspera. The vastus lateralis is a muscle that is part of the quadriceps group. It originates at the greater trochanter, which is a bony prominence on the femur, and the linea aspera, which is a ridge on the posterior surface of the femur. These two points of origin allow the vastus lateralis to have a wide attachment and provide strength and stability to the hip and knee joints. The other options, ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and intertrochanteric line, are not points of origin for the vastus lateralis.

The Adductor Magnus muscle originates at the Inferior Ramus of Pubis, Ramus of the Ischium, and Ischial Tuberosity. These are all bony structures located in the pelvis. The Inferior Ramus of Pubis is a part of the pubic bone, the Ramus of the Ischium is a part of the ischial bone, and the Ischial Tuberosity is a prominent bony projection at the base of the ischium. The Adductor Magnus muscle originates from these different points, allowing it to perform its function of adducting the thigh.

The Biceps Femoris (short head) originates at the Linea aspera and the Supracondylar line of head of femur.

The correct answer is the soleal line, proximal posterior surface of the tibia, and posterior aspect of the fibula. The soleus is a muscle located in the calf of the leg. It originates at the soleal line, which is a ridge on the back surface of the tibia bone. Additionally, it also originates from the proximal posterior surface of the tibia and the posterior aspect of the fibula, which are both bones in the lower leg. These origins allow the soleus muscle to play a role in plantar flexion of the foot.

The Gracilis muscle originates at the Body of the Pubis and the Inferior Ramus of the Pubis. The Body of the Pubis is the front part of the pubic bone, while the Inferior Ramus of the Pubis is the lower branch of the pubic bone. These two points of origin provide attachment for the Gracilis muscle, which is responsible for hip adduction and assists in knee flexion.

The extensor hallucis longus muscle originates from the mid-anterior surface of the fibula and the interosseous membrane. This means that it starts from the front part of the fibula bone and the connective tissue between the fibula and the tibia bones.

The Tibialis Anterior muscle originates at the lateral condyle of the tibia, the proximal lateral surface of the tibia, and the interosseous membrane. These are all specific locations where the muscle begins its attachment.

The Extensor Digitorum Longus muscle originates from the lateral condyle of the tibia, the interosseous membrane, and the proximal, anterior shaft of the fibula.

The Obturator Internus muscle originates at the pelvic bones, specifically the obturator foramen. It does not originate at the ilium between the posterior/anterior gluteal lines or the spine of the ischium.

The adductor longus muscle originates from the pubic bone, specifically the pectin part of the bone. It also has an additional origin point at the pubic tubercle. These two origins provide attachment points for the muscle, allowing it to perform its function of adducting the thigh.

The Plantaris muscle originates at the lateral supracondylar line of the femur and the oblique popliteal ligament.