Biological Evolution Exam 2

In Europe

In Africa

In Asia

As a large population across the entire old world

Human populations from Africa have much more mitochondrial diversity than populations from other areas of the world.

There is evidence of introgression between modern humans and other hominin species.

Not all hominin species are part of the direct lineage leading to modern humans.

Fossils of homonin species dating to nearly 2 million years ago can be found at various sites across the old world.

1 out of 23

1 out of 32.6

1 out of 7.1 billion

> 1 out of 76 trillion

Darwin’s ideas were superseded by Lamarck’s until Weismann’s cell theory disproved the likelihood of common spontaneous generation.

Mathematical model of sufficient complexity couldn’t be developed before the advent of modern computers.

The importance of Mendel’s work on genetic inheritance was largely ignored for nearly 80 years.

The ideas are too disparate and common ground was impossible until the theory of uniformitarianism provided a way to merge the two.

The human population, unlike most populations, doesn’t grow exponentially and so we have avoided the problem of not having enough resources for our population.

The “green revolution” has allowed our agricultural production to keep up with the exponential growth of the human population.

Wars, famines and genocide have prevented the human population from growing exponentially.

Because of disease and it’s impact on the early homonin species we are only now beginning to experience the conflict between population size and resource availability.

All living organisms are made up of cells

Cell frequently spontaneously generate from dead, organic matter

All cells come from the division of other, pre-existing cells

Meiosis generates much less complexity of cell than mitosis

Eukaryotic cells are much better adapted to harsh enviroments than bacteria cells

It's necessary that cells have proof-reading mechanisms to prevent rampant mutation

Human genes can be inserted into bacterial genomes

Multiple codons are synonymous: they code for the same amino acids

Cells with too many mutation go through apoptosis

True

False

An in/del in the protein coding sequence of a gene

A synonymous substitution in the coding sequence of a gene

An in/del in the non protein coding sequence of an organisms genome

A missense substitution in the coding sequence of a gene

A synonymous substitution in the coding sequence of a gene

Translocation

Inversion

Duplication

Environment

Population size

Cellular dispersal rate

Adaptation coefficient

First

Second

Third

Fourth

True

False

Pleiotropic

Polygenic

Always in H-W equilibrium

Not subject to natural selection

Variation between individuals in the population

Fitness difference between genetic variants

Effective population size larger than census population size

Meiotic cell division in at least some cells

Some of the variation must be heritable

True

False

Impossible to tell without further information. Adaptations are determined by the environment, so what might be an adaptation in one area could be detrimental in another.

Have significantly different outcomes due to the unpredictability of mutations

Have the exact same outcome

Have significantly different outcomes due to low fidelity of RNA translation

Violate the Heisenberg uncertainty principle

When two organisms compete for the same resource rather than sharing.

A mutation in a gene that allows a bacterium to resist an antibiotic, but makes it grow slightly slower.

An individual that has a higher level of fitness due to an exaptation.

Two species adapted to different environments due to a different number of chromosomes.

This is an exaptation for its nocturnal life style.

This is not an adaptation and is present in all birds.

This is an adaptation that compensates for the trade-off imposed by good binocular vision.

This is a pleiotropic effect of genes that control the development of feather morphology.

2

3

4

5

Look at the fine details of the structure to see how similar they truly are.

Determine which genes are responsible for the development of the structure.

Estimate the genome size of each organism, if they are not significantly different in size than the structures are most likely homologous.

Map the evolutionary origin of the structures onto a well-supported phylogeny.

Crustaceans, because their eyes have multiple lenses that work together to convey information to the brain.

Annelids, because they are able to regenerate their eyes when they lose them.

Vertebrates, because they have the most complex eye of any animal.

Mollusks, because different species have photoreceptors that vary greatly in complexity and these demonstrate some of the intermediate steps from simple to complex.

This results in pleiotropy of the gene and an additional constraint on its evolution.

This results in a shift of the genetic code with a tendency to have fewer synonymous mutations.

This results in a reduction in the structure and complexity of the chromosomes.

This results in increased genetic diversity and is the first step towards speciation.

Natural selection for one allele

A small population size

Immigration of individuals with a particular genotype

Non-random mating

Independent assortment of alleles during meiosis

A: 0.3 a: 0.7

A: 0.5 a: 0.5

A: 0.9 a: 0.1

A: 0.4 a: 0.6